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<p>As global environmental standards grow increasingly strict, developing eco-friendly, high-efficiency water-based lubrication additives has become a pivotal focus in tribology. In this work, three novel heterocycle-, phosphorus-, and sulfur-free protic ionic liquids (PILs), namely EDG-HA, EDG-OA, and EDG-LA, were successfully synthesized and employed as additives in aqueous lubricant systems with the objective of alleviating the environmental contamination and biological toxicity problems related to conventional lubricant additives. A systematic evaluation of the PILs revealed that lubricants blended with the additives demonstrate significantly superior corrosion protection and lubricating performance when compared to pure water. Specifically, the 1% EDG-LA lubricating solution reduced the friction coefficient (COF) and wear volume (WV) by approximately 69.3% and 94.5%, respectively. By combining quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) adsorption tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the lubrication mechanisms were clarified: PILs form robust physical adsorption and tribo-chemical reaction film on metal friction pairs, effectively preventing direct metal-to-metal contact. The current research promotes the development of water-soluble additives with potential eco-friendly and high-efficiency through a novel perspective.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Eco-Friendly Protic Ionic Liquids Water-Based Lubricant Additives Contributing to Green Tribology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Jing Yang,
  • Xiao Liu,
  • Qiang Chen,
  • Pingxia Guo,
  • Kai Feng,
  • Meirong Cai

摘要

As global environmental standards grow increasingly strict, developing eco-friendly, high-efficiency water-based lubrication additives has become a pivotal focus in tribology. In this work, three novel heterocycle-, phosphorus-, and sulfur-free protic ionic liquids (PILs), namely EDG-HA, EDG-OA, and EDG-LA, were successfully synthesized and employed as additives in aqueous lubricant systems with the objective of alleviating the environmental contamination and biological toxicity problems related to conventional lubricant additives. A systematic evaluation of the PILs revealed that lubricants blended with the additives demonstrate significantly superior corrosion protection and lubricating performance when compared to pure water. Specifically, the 1% EDG-LA lubricating solution reduced the friction coefficient (COF) and wear volume (WV) by approximately 69.3% and 94.5%, respectively. By combining quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) adsorption tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the lubrication mechanisms were clarified: PILs form robust physical adsorption and tribo-chemical reaction film on metal friction pairs, effectively preventing direct metal-to-metal contact. The current research promotes the development of water-soluble additives with potential eco-friendly and high-efficiency through a novel perspective.

Graphical Abstract