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<p>Crystal violet (CV) is a widely used synthetic dye known for its high environmental toxicity and persistence in aquatic systems, highlighting the need for efficient removal strategies. In this study, a hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanorod–decorated two-dimensional MXene (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>) sheet nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and evaluated for its photocatalytic degradation performance toward CV dye under natural sunlight. The prepared nanocomposites were comprehensively characterized using structural (XRD, FTIR, XPS), optical, morphological (FESEM, TEM), and electrochemical techniques. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups such as C=O, C–O, C–F, and O–H on the MXene surface, indicating successful surface modification. High-resolution TEM images revealed clear lattice fringes with an interplanar spacing of 0.242&#xa0;nm, corresponding to the (104) crystallographic plane of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, confirming the effective decoration of MXene sheets with hematite nanorods. The influence of various operational parameters, including photocatalyst composition, catalyst dosage, reaction kinetics, solution pH, radical scavengers, and coexisting ions, was systematically investigated. Under optimized conditions, the nanocomposite achieved a remarkably high degradation efficiency of 98% within 60&#xa0;min. Reusability tests further confirmed the nanocomposite’s excellent stability, retaining high performance even after five successive cycles. Kinetic analysis indicated a pseudo-first-order with rate constants 0.0187&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup> and 0.0441&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup> for α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/MXene nanocomposite. Overall, the α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/MXene nanocomposite exhibits strong potential as an efficient, stable, and sunlight-driven photocatalyst for the removal of toxic crystal violet dye from wastewater. Synthesis of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanorod–decorated two-dimensional Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> sheet nanocomposite for Crystal Violet degradation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>Synthesis of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanorod–decorated two-dimensional Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> sheet nanocomposite for Crystal Violet degradation.</p>

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Natural Sunlight Driven Degradation of Crystal Violet Using α-Fe2O3/MXene Nanocomposite Photocatalyst

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Anjali Badola,
  • Surla Manikanta Prasad,
  • Bibekananda Bhoi,
  • Jayeshkumar Prajapati,
  • Priyanjana Roy,
  • Vimlesh Chandra

摘要

Crystal violet (CV) is a widely used synthetic dye known for its high environmental toxicity and persistence in aquatic systems, highlighting the need for efficient removal strategies. In this study, a hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanorod–decorated two-dimensional MXene (Ti3C2) sheet nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and evaluated for its photocatalytic degradation performance toward CV dye under natural sunlight. The prepared nanocomposites were comprehensively characterized using structural (XRD, FTIR, XPS), optical, morphological (FESEM, TEM), and electrochemical techniques. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups such as C=O, C–O, C–F, and O–H on the MXene surface, indicating successful surface modification. High-resolution TEM images revealed clear lattice fringes with an interplanar spacing of 0.242 nm, corresponding to the (104) crystallographic plane of α-Fe2O3, confirming the effective decoration of MXene sheets with hematite nanorods. The influence of various operational parameters, including photocatalyst composition, catalyst dosage, reaction kinetics, solution pH, radical scavengers, and coexisting ions, was systematically investigated. Under optimized conditions, the nanocomposite achieved a remarkably high degradation efficiency of 98% within 60 min. Reusability tests further confirmed the nanocomposite’s excellent stability, retaining high performance even after five successive cycles. Kinetic analysis indicated a pseudo-first-order with rate constants 0.0187 min− 1 and 0.0441 min− 1 for α-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3/MXene nanocomposite. Overall, the α-Fe2O3/MXene nanocomposite exhibits strong potential as an efficient, stable, and sunlight-driven photocatalyst for the removal of toxic crystal violet dye from wastewater. Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 nanorod–decorated two-dimensional Ti3C2 sheet nanocomposite for Crystal Violet degradation.

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 nanorod–decorated two-dimensional Ti3C2 sheet nanocomposite for Crystal Violet degradation.