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<p>Photocatalysis is increasingly recognized as a key strategy for the degradation of recalcitrant organic contaminants in water, yet its transition from laboratory studies to real-scale applications remains limited. In this work, we report the development and validation of a hybrid photocatalytic module for greywater treatment, integrating immobilized TiO₂ reactors with pre- and post-activated carbon filtration. The system was designed for household use and architecturally integrated into a landscape-style planter, providing both functional water reuse and aesthetic acceptance. Field campaigns with real shower greywater demonstrated the system’s robustness across variable influent conditions (COD 90–248&#xa0;mg L⁻¹, turbidity 5–39 NTU). The module consistently achieved COD removals up to 98%, BOD₅ reductions to below detection, turbidity values &lt; 3 NTU, and full microbiological inactivation (E. coli non-detect). Under triclosan-enriched conditions (~ 22&#xa0;mg L⁻¹), complete removal was obtained within 3&#xa0;h. Kinetic analysis revealed a two-step process involving diffusion-controlled desorption followed by heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation, adequately described by a Langmuir–Freundlich model (R² = 0.97). By combining immobilized catalyst design, mechanistic validation, and module-scale operation, this study demonstrates a pathway for advancing photocatalysis from controlled experiments toward TRL 5–6 applications. The hybrid and landscape-integrated configuration highlights the potential of photocatalytic catalysis not only for pollutant abatement but also for socially acceptable, decentralized water reuse technologies.</p>

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Hybrid Greywater Photocatalysis with Immobilized TiO₂: Kinetics and Landscape-Integrated Module Validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • David Contreras,
  • Patricia Puentes

摘要

Photocatalysis is increasingly recognized as a key strategy for the degradation of recalcitrant organic contaminants in water, yet its transition from laboratory studies to real-scale applications remains limited. In this work, we report the development and validation of a hybrid photocatalytic module for greywater treatment, integrating immobilized TiO₂ reactors with pre- and post-activated carbon filtration. The system was designed for household use and architecturally integrated into a landscape-style planter, providing both functional water reuse and aesthetic acceptance. Field campaigns with real shower greywater demonstrated the system’s robustness across variable influent conditions (COD 90–248 mg L⁻¹, turbidity 5–39 NTU). The module consistently achieved COD removals up to 98%, BOD₅ reductions to below detection, turbidity values < 3 NTU, and full microbiological inactivation (E. coli non-detect). Under triclosan-enriched conditions (~ 22 mg L⁻¹), complete removal was obtained within 3 h. Kinetic analysis revealed a two-step process involving diffusion-controlled desorption followed by heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation, adequately described by a Langmuir–Freundlich model (R² = 0.97). By combining immobilized catalyst design, mechanistic validation, and module-scale operation, this study demonstrates a pathway for advancing photocatalysis from controlled experiments toward TRL 5–6 applications. The hybrid and landscape-integrated configuration highlights the potential of photocatalytic catalysis not only for pollutant abatement but also for socially acceptable, decentralized water reuse technologies.