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<p>This study introduces a new electrochemical approach for concurrently detecting dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), and tyrosine (TY). This approach utilizes a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with a sulfathiazole-azo-aniline dye, prepared through a diazo coupling reaction. A comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, encompassing NMR, UV–Vis, IR, mass spectrometry, and elemental composition studies, was performed to elucidate the structure of the prepared azo compound. The electrochemical characterization of the modified electrode [sulfathiazole-azo-aniline dye modified carbon paste electrode, (SAD/CPE)] was done by employing techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). To further elucidate the electrochemical properties of the SAD/MCPE, its performance was evaluated under varying conditions of pH, analyte concentration and scan rate. The electrochemical oxidation of DA, UA, and TY at the SAD/MCPE followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism. The sensor exhibited a linear response for all three analytes within the concentration range of 10–60&#xa0;µM, with calculated detection limits of 2.421 × 10⁻⁶ M for UA, 15.62 × 10⁻<sup>7</sup>&#xa0;M for TY, and 11.56 × 10⁻⁶ M for DA. Well-defined separation of oxidation peak potentials was achieved using DPV with potential differences of 0.32&#xa0;V (DA-UA) and 0.33&#xa0;V (UA-TY), and using CV with potential differences of 0.29&#xa0;V (DA-UA) and 0.34&#xa0;V (UA-TY). Furthermore, the fabricated sensor's performance was confirmed by its satisfactory stability and reproducibility.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sulfathiazole-Azo-Aniline Dye as Electrode Modifier for Carbon Paste Electrode: Synthesis and Electrochemical Evaluation for the Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine, Uric Acid, and Tyrosine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Sneha Parameshwarappa,
  • Keerthikumar T. Chinnagiri,
  • Ramyakumari T. Chinnagiri,
  • Raghavendra M. Thippandegowdru

摘要

This study introduces a new electrochemical approach for concurrently detecting dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), and tyrosine (TY). This approach utilizes a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with a sulfathiazole-azo-aniline dye, prepared through a diazo coupling reaction. A comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, encompassing NMR, UV–Vis, IR, mass spectrometry, and elemental composition studies, was performed to elucidate the structure of the prepared azo compound. The electrochemical characterization of the modified electrode [sulfathiazole-azo-aniline dye modified carbon paste electrode, (SAD/CPE)] was done by employing techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). To further elucidate the electrochemical properties of the SAD/MCPE, its performance was evaluated under varying conditions of pH, analyte concentration and scan rate. The electrochemical oxidation of DA, UA, and TY at the SAD/MCPE followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism. The sensor exhibited a linear response for all three analytes within the concentration range of 10–60 µM, with calculated detection limits of 2.421 × 10⁻⁶ M for UA, 15.62 × 10⁻7 M for TY, and 11.56 × 10⁻⁶ M for DA. Well-defined separation of oxidation peak potentials was achieved using DPV with potential differences of 0.32 V (DA-UA) and 0.33 V (UA-TY), and using CV with potential differences of 0.29 V (DA-UA) and 0.34 V (UA-TY). Furthermore, the fabricated sensor's performance was confirmed by its satisfactory stability and reproducibility.

Graphical Abstract