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<p>Two unique classes of catalysts with important applications in biological and artificial systems are natural enzymes and nanozymes. This review offers a thorough comparison of natural enzymes and nanozymes emphasizing on their structural traits and catalytic mechanisms. We study the protein makeup, cofactors, active sites and conformational flexibility of natural enzymes and compare them with the various forms, sizes, shapes and surface characteristics of nanozymes. The catalytic mechanisms of natural enzyme (induced fit and lock-and-key models, transition state stabilization and different molecular interactions) are compared with electron transfer mechanisms, surface-mediated catalysis, function of surface defects and dopants in nanozymes. The objective of this comparative analysis is to clarify the essential distinctions and commonalities between these two catalyst classes thereby offering valuable perspectives for forthcoming advancements in enzyme engineering and nanozyme design for biotechnology, medicinal and environmental remediation applications.</p>

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Natural Enzymes and Nanozymes: A Comparative Review of Structure, Mechanism and Kinetics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • Manoharmayum Vishwanath Sharma,
  • A. Ibeyaima,
  • Bhaben Sharmah,
  • Nazim Uddin Afzal,
  • Prasenjit Manna

摘要

Two unique classes of catalysts with important applications in biological and artificial systems are natural enzymes and nanozymes. This review offers a thorough comparison of natural enzymes and nanozymes emphasizing on their structural traits and catalytic mechanisms. We study the protein makeup, cofactors, active sites and conformational flexibility of natural enzymes and compare them with the various forms, sizes, shapes and surface characteristics of nanozymes. The catalytic mechanisms of natural enzyme (induced fit and lock-and-key models, transition state stabilization and different molecular interactions) are compared with electron transfer mechanisms, surface-mediated catalysis, function of surface defects and dopants in nanozymes. The objective of this comparative analysis is to clarify the essential distinctions and commonalities between these two catalyst classes thereby offering valuable perspectives for forthcoming advancements in enzyme engineering and nanozyme design for biotechnology, medicinal and environmental remediation applications.