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<p>Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential components of modern technology and green energy, yet their global supply remains highly concentrated, necessitating the exploration of secondary sources such as zircon tailings. This study aims to maximize REEs recovery and concentration from zircon tailings leachates while investigating the thermodynamic and statistical significance of the process variables. The methodology involved alkaline fusion with NaOH at 500&#xa0;°C, followed by sulfuric acid leaching to produce a sulfate leachate. Response surface methodology (RSM), using a central composite design, was then employed to optimize the precipitation process with ammonium hydroxide (NH<sub>4</sub>OH) over a temperature range of 30–70&#xa0;°C and a pH range of 6–10. Thermodynamic simulations confirmed that the precipitation reactions are spontaneous (ΔG &lt; 0), with neodymium (Nd) exhibiting the highest driving force (ΔG ≈ − 600&#xa0;kJ/mol). The statistical analysis identified pH as the most dominant factor influencing recovery, and the developed quadratic models for most elements demonstrated high predictive reliability. The optimal precipitation condition was identified at 53.59&#xa0;°C and pH 8.04, yielding recovery rates of 84.85% for Nd, 47.70% for Ce, 47.34% for Zr, and 42.28% for Y. In contrast, La and Dy were excluded from the optimization framework due to erratic recovery rates (&lt; 10%) resulting from their high solubility and complex speciation. Overall, this research provides a sustainable, selective “green metallurgy” pathway for recovering high-value, critical metals from industrial byproducts.</p>

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Optimization of precipitation of rare earth elements from zircon tailings using Ammonia estimated using response surface methodology (RSM)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Iga Trisnawati,
  • Gyan Prameswara,
  • Harry Supriadi,
  • Panut Mulyono,
  • Himawan Tri Murti Bayu Petrus,
  • Murti Bayu Petrus,
  • Agus Prasetya

摘要

Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential components of modern technology and green energy, yet their global supply remains highly concentrated, necessitating the exploration of secondary sources such as zircon tailings. This study aims to maximize REEs recovery and concentration from zircon tailings leachates while investigating the thermodynamic and statistical significance of the process variables. The methodology involved alkaline fusion with NaOH at 500 °C, followed by sulfuric acid leaching to produce a sulfate leachate. Response surface methodology (RSM), using a central composite design, was then employed to optimize the precipitation process with ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) over a temperature range of 30–70 °C and a pH range of 6–10. Thermodynamic simulations confirmed that the precipitation reactions are spontaneous (ΔG < 0), with neodymium (Nd) exhibiting the highest driving force (ΔG ≈ − 600 kJ/mol). The statistical analysis identified pH as the most dominant factor influencing recovery, and the developed quadratic models for most elements demonstrated high predictive reliability. The optimal precipitation condition was identified at 53.59 °C and pH 8.04, yielding recovery rates of 84.85% for Nd, 47.70% for Ce, 47.34% for Zr, and 42.28% for Y. In contrast, La and Dy were excluded from the optimization framework due to erratic recovery rates (< 10%) resulting from their high solubility and complex speciation. Overall, this research provides a sustainable, selective “green metallurgy” pathway for recovering high-value, critical metals from industrial byproducts.