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<p>Gold mineralization in low-sulfidation epithermal systems is strongly controlled by vein-hosted quartz mineralization and associated hydrothermal alterations. This study evaluates the mineralogical and geometallurgical characteristics of ore samples using petrographic analysis, ore microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and analytical spectral device (ASD), with gold recovery assessed through carbon-in-leach (CIL) testing. The ores are characterized by low sulfide contents (&lt; 5%), dominated by pyrite with minor sphalerite, where visible gold was absent due to its submicroscopic nature. CIL testing on 49 samples (25 veins, 24 wallrocks) yielded average recoveries of 79.94% in quartz veins (range 56.53–95.44%) and a broad range of 27.42–94.64% in wallrock samples. Vein-hosted ores contained up to 6.11 ppm Au compared to ≤ 1.64 ppm in wallrock. Recovery efficiency varied systematically with alteration type: Type I (well-crystallized kaolinite) exhibited the lowest recoveries (&lt; 50%), Type II (poorly crystalline kaolinite–smectite) achieved higher values (60–90%), and Type III (chlorite–kaolinite assemblages) showed wide variability (30–80%). Geochemical analysis demonstrated that sulfur content, primarily from pyrite, negatively correlated with recovery (<i>r</i> = − 0.763; R² = 58.3%), whereas Au grade exerted a strong positive influence on CIL recovery in vein samples (<i>r</i> = 0.94; R² = 88.3%). These findings underscore the critical roles of clay mineralogy and sulfide abundance in governing CIL performance and highlight the necessity of detailed geometallurgical characterization to optimize processing strategies in epithermal gold systems.</p>

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Effect of ore characteristics on the extraction recovery of gold in the Carbon in Leach (CIL): geometallurgical approach on gold processing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Ni’matul Azizah Raharjanti,
  • Felix Arie Setiawan,
  • Kris Tri Basuki,
  • Moch Setyadji,
  • Fika Rofiek,
  • Gyan Prameswara,
  • I. Wayan Warmada,
  • Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus

摘要

Gold mineralization in low-sulfidation epithermal systems is strongly controlled by vein-hosted quartz mineralization and associated hydrothermal alterations. This study evaluates the mineralogical and geometallurgical characteristics of ore samples using petrographic analysis, ore microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and analytical spectral device (ASD), with gold recovery assessed through carbon-in-leach (CIL) testing. The ores are characterized by low sulfide contents (< 5%), dominated by pyrite with minor sphalerite, where visible gold was absent due to its submicroscopic nature. CIL testing on 49 samples (25 veins, 24 wallrocks) yielded average recoveries of 79.94% in quartz veins (range 56.53–95.44%) and a broad range of 27.42–94.64% in wallrock samples. Vein-hosted ores contained up to 6.11 ppm Au compared to ≤ 1.64 ppm in wallrock. Recovery efficiency varied systematically with alteration type: Type I (well-crystallized kaolinite) exhibited the lowest recoveries (< 50%), Type II (poorly crystalline kaolinite–smectite) achieved higher values (60–90%), and Type III (chlorite–kaolinite assemblages) showed wide variability (30–80%). Geochemical analysis demonstrated that sulfur content, primarily from pyrite, negatively correlated with recovery (r = − 0.763; R² = 58.3%), whereas Au grade exerted a strong positive influence on CIL recovery in vein samples (r = 0.94; R² = 88.3%). These findings underscore the critical roles of clay mineralogy and sulfide abundance in governing CIL performance and highlight the necessity of detailed geometallurgical characterization to optimize processing strategies in epithermal gold systems.