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<p>In this study, 4-(9’-hexylcarbazol-3’-yl)benzaldehyde (probe <b>C</b>) with the structure of donor-π-acceptor was studied as a new sensor. The selectivity and sensitivity properties of probe <b>C</b> against various analytes were investigated by using absorption (UV-Vis) and fluorescence (PL) spectroscopy. Only with the addition of Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup>, the absorption spectrum of probe <b>C</b> slightly changed, while the maximum emission intensity at 482&#xa0;nm of probe <b>C</b> dramatically changed in the presence of various interfering analytes. Hence, probe <b>C</b> exhibited high selectivity towards Fe<sup>3+</sup> with the limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.3 nM. This LOD value lies in among the best values reported so far for the carbazole-based fluorescent sensors. The binding stoichiometry, stoichiometric interaction ratio and binding site between probe <b>C</b> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> were established by Job’s plot, <sup>1</sup>H-NMR, HRMS and FT-IR analyses. Job’s plot indicated that the stoichiometric ratio between probe <b>C</b> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> was 2:1. <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and FT-IR spectra showed that Fe<sup>3+</sup> formed a complex with probe <b>C</b> via the non-bonding electron pair on the oxygen atom of the formyl group. Probe <b>C</b> was tested for the detection of Fe<sup>3+</sup> in 3 different real water samples by spike and recovery method. It was observed that probe <b>C</b> worked successfully in the detection of Fe<sup>3+</sup>. From these, it was concluded that probe <b>C</b> can be successfully used as a “turn-off” fluorometric sensor for the detection of Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Probe <b>C</b>, composed of carbazole-phenylene-formyl units, functions as a good “turn-off” fluorescent sensor for Fe<sup>3+</sup> detection, demonstrating high selectivity and low detection limit of 2.3 nM. It enables real-time monitoring of Fe<sup>3+</sup> in real-world water samples with remarkable selectivity.</p> <p></p>

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Carbazole benzaldehyde: A highly selective and sensitive “turn-off” fluorometric sensor for Fe3+ detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Ahmet Battal

摘要

In this study, 4-(9’-hexylcarbazol-3’-yl)benzaldehyde (probe C) with the structure of donor-π-acceptor was studied as a new sensor. The selectivity and sensitivity properties of probe C against various analytes were investigated by using absorption (UV-Vis) and fluorescence (PL) spectroscopy. Only with the addition of Fe3+ and Fe2+, the absorption spectrum of probe C slightly changed, while the maximum emission intensity at 482 nm of probe C dramatically changed in the presence of various interfering analytes. Hence, probe C exhibited high selectivity towards Fe3+ with the limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.3 nM. This LOD value lies in among the best values reported so far for the carbazole-based fluorescent sensors. The binding stoichiometry, stoichiometric interaction ratio and binding site between probe C and Fe3+ were established by Job’s plot, 1H-NMR, HRMS and FT-IR analyses. Job’s plot indicated that the stoichiometric ratio between probe C and Fe3+ was 2:1. 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectra showed that Fe3+ formed a complex with probe C via the non-bonding electron pair on the oxygen atom of the formyl group. Probe C was tested for the detection of Fe3+ in 3 different real water samples by spike and recovery method. It was observed that probe C worked successfully in the detection of Fe3+. From these, it was concluded that probe C can be successfully used as a “turn-off” fluorometric sensor for the detection of Fe3+.

Graphical Abstract

Probe C, composed of carbazole-phenylene-formyl units, functions as a good “turn-off” fluorescent sensor for Fe3+ detection, demonstrating high selectivity and low detection limit of 2.3 nM. It enables real-time monitoring of Fe3+ in real-world water samples with remarkable selectivity.