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<p>Plant-derived bioactive compounds remain central to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and agro-industrial innovations, but their sustainable supply is often constrained by low natural abundance, geographical and seasonal variations, slow growth of source plants, and inconsistent metabolite accumulation under field conditions. Plants in in vitro culture systems provide controllable platforms for producing high-value specialized metabolites, although baseline titres in cultured cells, tissues, and organs are frequently insufficient for commercial translation. This review first examines the major culture platforms used for elicitor-guided production, including callus, cell suspension, shoot, adventitious root, and hairy root cultures. It then discusses biotic and abiotic elicitor classes, early perception events, calcium, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signalling, kinase cascades, phytohormonal crosstalk, and downstream transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. Finally, the review evaluates compound-class outcomes, combined elicitation, transformed cultures, multi-omics, machine learning, and bioreactor scale-up. The practical framework proposed here integrates four connected decisions: selecting a culture system that matches the target pathway, choosing an elicitor according to mechanism rather than category alone, optimizing dose and exposure time against biomass and viability, and validating improvements with productivity and scale-up metrics instead of concentration changes alone. By linking molecular signalling with metabolic flux and process engineering, this review identifies the experimental and translational priorities required to convert laboratory-scale elicitation into reliable biofactories for plant bioactive compounds.</p>

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Biotic and abiotic elicitors in plant in vitro culture systems: molecular signalling, metabolic reprogramming, and scalable production of bioactive compounds

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Adnan Amin,
  • Wajid Zaman

摘要

Plant-derived bioactive compounds remain central to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and agro-industrial innovations, but their sustainable supply is often constrained by low natural abundance, geographical and seasonal variations, slow growth of source plants, and inconsistent metabolite accumulation under field conditions. Plants in in vitro culture systems provide controllable platforms for producing high-value specialized metabolites, although baseline titres in cultured cells, tissues, and organs are frequently insufficient for commercial translation. This review first examines the major culture platforms used for elicitor-guided production, including callus, cell suspension, shoot, adventitious root, and hairy root cultures. It then discusses biotic and abiotic elicitor classes, early perception events, calcium, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signalling, kinase cascades, phytohormonal crosstalk, and downstream transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. Finally, the review evaluates compound-class outcomes, combined elicitation, transformed cultures, multi-omics, machine learning, and bioreactor scale-up. The practical framework proposed here integrates four connected decisions: selecting a culture system that matches the target pathway, choosing an elicitor according to mechanism rather than category alone, optimizing dose and exposure time against biomass and viability, and validating improvements with productivity and scale-up metrics instead of concentration changes alone. By linking molecular signalling with metabolic flux and process engineering, this review identifies the experimental and translational priorities required to convert laboratory-scale elicitation into reliable biofactories for plant bioactive compounds.