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<p>Somatic embryogenesis is an important mechanism in plant biology that allows somatic cells to convert into totipotent embryos for clonal propagation, genetic modification, and conservation. This review explains the complicated genetic and epigenetic networks that control somatic embryo induction and development. Wound-Induced Dedifferentiation proteins, <i>WUSCHEL</i> and <i>WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX</i> genes, AGAMOUS-LIKE factors, the LEAFY COTYLEDON network (including LEAFY COTYLEDON1, LEAFY COTYLEDON2, ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3, and FUSCA3), and BABY BOOM coordinate cellular reprogramming by integrating hormonal signals such as auxins and cytokinins. Epigenetic changes, which include DNA methylation/demethylation, histone acetylation/methylation, and microRNA regulation, dynamically regulate gene expression in response to environmental stimuli such as wounding and stress. Other factors, such as light, temperature, pH, and carbohydrates, control hormonal interaction between gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and jasmonic acid to enhance embryogenic competence. However, recalcitrant species, despite their importance in agriculture and biodiversity, face obstacles due to genotypic variability and low efficiency. Future advancements using CRISPR gene editing and single-cell RNA sequencing offer improved techniques for sustainable agriculture and ecological preservation.</p>

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Somatic embryogenesis in plants: unraveling the genetic and epigenetic factors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Mohammad Ahmadabadi,
  • Zahra Dehghanian

摘要

Somatic embryogenesis is an important mechanism in plant biology that allows somatic cells to convert into totipotent embryos for clonal propagation, genetic modification, and conservation. This review explains the complicated genetic and epigenetic networks that control somatic embryo induction and development. Wound-Induced Dedifferentiation proteins, WUSCHEL and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX genes, AGAMOUS-LIKE factors, the LEAFY COTYLEDON network (including LEAFY COTYLEDON1, LEAFY COTYLEDON2, ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3, and FUSCA3), and BABY BOOM coordinate cellular reprogramming by integrating hormonal signals such as auxins and cytokinins. Epigenetic changes, which include DNA methylation/demethylation, histone acetylation/methylation, and microRNA regulation, dynamically regulate gene expression in response to environmental stimuli such as wounding and stress. Other factors, such as light, temperature, pH, and carbohydrates, control hormonal interaction between gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and jasmonic acid to enhance embryogenic competence. However, recalcitrant species, despite their importance in agriculture and biodiversity, face obstacles due to genotypic variability and low efficiency. Future advancements using CRISPR gene editing and single-cell RNA sequencing offer improved techniques for sustainable agriculture and ecological preservation.