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<p><i>Withania coagulans</i> (Stocks) Dunal is a medicinal plant valued for its withanolides; however, micronutrient-mediated regulation of growth and secondary metabolism of the plant under in vitro conditions remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the concentration-dependent effects of copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) on morphogenesis, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activities, micronutrient accumulation, and withanolide production in nodal and shoot-tip explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Cu supplementation significantly enhanced growth and biochemical responses within an optimal range (10×–30× MS levels), accompanied by increased antioxidant activity and improved morphogenesis. Maximum withanolide accumulation was observed at 10× Cu, indicating a stimulatory effect of moderate Cu levels on secondary metabolism. In contrast, Co exhibited limited stimulation at lower concentrations but caused pronounced growth inhibition at higher levels. Correlation analysis revealed coordinated regulation of growth and antioxidant responses under Cu treatment, whereas Co induced stress-associated trade-offs between antioxidant defense and secondary metabolism. These findings identify Cu as an effective regulator of growth and withanolide biosynthesis within an optimal range, while Co primarily acts as a stress-inducing factor at elevated concentrations. This study provides a comprehensive physiological framework for micronutrient-mediated modulation of withanolide biosynthesis and offers practical insights for optimizing in vitro culture systems for enhanced production of bioactive compounds in <i>W. coagulans</i>.</p>

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Differential modulation of morphogenesis and withanolide biosynthesis in Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal under copper and cobalt supplementation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Vikram Jeet Singh Tanwar,
  • Rajpal Choudhary,
  • Rohit Jain,
  • Smita Purohit,
  • Sumita Kachhwaha

摘要

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal is a medicinal plant valued for its withanolides; however, micronutrient-mediated regulation of growth and secondary metabolism of the plant under in vitro conditions remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the concentration-dependent effects of copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) on morphogenesis, chlorophyll content, antioxidant activities, micronutrient accumulation, and withanolide production in nodal and shoot-tip explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Cu supplementation significantly enhanced growth and biochemical responses within an optimal range (10×–30× MS levels), accompanied by increased antioxidant activity and improved morphogenesis. Maximum withanolide accumulation was observed at 10× Cu, indicating a stimulatory effect of moderate Cu levels on secondary metabolism. In contrast, Co exhibited limited stimulation at lower concentrations but caused pronounced growth inhibition at higher levels. Correlation analysis revealed coordinated regulation of growth and antioxidant responses under Cu treatment, whereas Co induced stress-associated trade-offs between antioxidant defense and secondary metabolism. These findings identify Cu as an effective regulator of growth and withanolide biosynthesis within an optimal range, while Co primarily acts as a stress-inducing factor at elevated concentrations. This study provides a comprehensive physiological framework for micronutrient-mediated modulation of withanolide biosynthesis and offers practical insights for optimizing in vitro culture systems for enhanced production of bioactive compounds in W. coagulans.