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<p>Walnut (<i>Juglans</i> spp.) is a globally significant tree genus valued for its nuts, high-quality timber, and bioactive compounds, yet it remains one of the most recalcitrant woody taxa for in vitro propagation. Conventional propagation methods such as grafting and cuttings are constrained by high heterozygosity, low rooting potential, and genotype dependence. Micropropagation offers a robust alternative for producing true-to-type, pathogen-free plants; however, the genus continues to face severe challenges, including phenolic oxidation, microbial contamination, and low rooting and acclimatization efficiencies. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in <i>Juglans</i> micropropagation, emphasizing innovations that integrate physiological, biochemical, and biotechnological insights to overcome recalcitrance. Developments in culture media optimization, antioxidant and adsorbent supplementation, and the use of growth hormones have significantly improved shoot proliferation and plantlet vigor. Technological innovations, including light-emitting diode (LED) spectral modulation, temporary immersion systems (TIS), and predictive modelling tools, have further enhanced culture efficiency. Persistent obstacles, particularly genotype-specific responses, phenolic browning, and limited somatic embryogenesis, are examined in light of molecular and omics-based findings on oxidative stress, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) regulation, and hormonal signaling. The review concludes by outlining translational strategies linking tissue culture with genome editing, cryopreservation, and automated scaling systems. Collectively, these integrative advances provide a foundation for sustainable, high-efficiency propagation pipelines and future genetic improvement in <i>Juglans</i> biotechnology.</p>

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Integrative advances in walnut (Juglans spp.) micropropagation: overcoming recalcitrance through physiological, biochemical, and translational innovations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Deepika,
  • Shagun Sharma,
  • Pankaj Kumar,
  • Pramod Verma,
  • Kourosh Vahdati

摘要

Walnut (Juglans spp.) is a globally significant tree genus valued for its nuts, high-quality timber, and bioactive compounds, yet it remains one of the most recalcitrant woody taxa for in vitro propagation. Conventional propagation methods such as grafting and cuttings are constrained by high heterozygosity, low rooting potential, and genotype dependence. Micropropagation offers a robust alternative for producing true-to-type, pathogen-free plants; however, the genus continues to face severe challenges, including phenolic oxidation, microbial contamination, and low rooting and acclimatization efficiencies. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in Juglans micropropagation, emphasizing innovations that integrate physiological, biochemical, and biotechnological insights to overcome recalcitrance. Developments in culture media optimization, antioxidant and adsorbent supplementation, and the use of growth hormones have significantly improved shoot proliferation and plantlet vigor. Technological innovations, including light-emitting diode (LED) spectral modulation, temporary immersion systems (TIS), and predictive modelling tools, have further enhanced culture efficiency. Persistent obstacles, particularly genotype-specific responses, phenolic browning, and limited somatic embryogenesis, are examined in light of molecular and omics-based findings on oxidative stress, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) regulation, and hormonal signaling. The review concludes by outlining translational strategies linking tissue culture with genome editing, cryopreservation, and automated scaling systems. Collectively, these integrative advances provide a foundation for sustainable, high-efficiency propagation pipelines and future genetic improvement in Juglans biotechnology.