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<p><i>Cymbidium namchabarwaense</i>, a recently discovered high-altitude orchid classified as Vulnerable (VU), requires systematic research to support its artificial propagation and conservation. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of its seed morphology, viability testing, and in vitro germination, with seed morphological traits compared to those of its closely related species <i>Cymbidium hookerianum</i> and <i>Cymbidium erythraeum</i>. The seeds are slender with a high air-space ratio, which may represent an adaptation to long-distance dispersal in alpine environments, and may also be associated with adaptive strategies related to mycoheterotrophy and the degree of early-stage dependence on mycorrhizal fungi. A clear discrepancy was observed between 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining results and actual germination percentages, indicating that conventional viability assays are insufficient for accurately predicting germination potential, a limitation widely reported for orchid seeds and largely associated with seed coat permeability and chemical pretreatment conditions. During asymbiotic culture under uniform dark incubation (25 ± 2&#xa0;°C) with sucrose and activated charcoal, early protocorm formation was most favored on Knudson C (KC) medium, likely due to its milder osmotic effect and readily available nitrogen, whereas 1/4MS supplemented with 1.0&#xa0;mg/L 6-BA and 0.5&#xa0;mg/L NAA under a 12&#xa0;h/d photoperiod most effectively promoted protocorm differentiation and seedling development. Overall, this study elucidates the seed morphology, viability, and germination characteristics of <i>C. namchabarwaense</i>, identifies stage-specific nutritional and hormonal requirements, and provides a foundation for its propagation, conservation, and germplasm restoration in high-altitude orchids.</p>

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Seed morphology and in vitro germination of the vulnerable orchid Cymbidium namchabarwaense

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Xueqing Zhou,
  • Xueda Chen,
  • Rongjie Zhang,
  • Jiali Ouyang,
  • Junwen Zhao,
  • Zhen Xing

摘要

Cymbidium namchabarwaense, a recently discovered high-altitude orchid classified as Vulnerable (VU), requires systematic research to support its artificial propagation and conservation. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of its seed morphology, viability testing, and in vitro germination, with seed morphological traits compared to those of its closely related species Cymbidium hookerianum and Cymbidium erythraeum. The seeds are slender with a high air-space ratio, which may represent an adaptation to long-distance dispersal in alpine environments, and may also be associated with adaptive strategies related to mycoheterotrophy and the degree of early-stage dependence on mycorrhizal fungi. A clear discrepancy was observed between 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining results and actual germination percentages, indicating that conventional viability assays are insufficient for accurately predicting germination potential, a limitation widely reported for orchid seeds and largely associated with seed coat permeability and chemical pretreatment conditions. During asymbiotic culture under uniform dark incubation (25 ± 2 °C) with sucrose and activated charcoal, early protocorm formation was most favored on Knudson C (KC) medium, likely due to its milder osmotic effect and readily available nitrogen, whereas 1/4MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA under a 12 h/d photoperiod most effectively promoted protocorm differentiation and seedling development. Overall, this study elucidates the seed morphology, viability, and germination characteristics of C. namchabarwaense, identifies stage-specific nutritional and hormonal requirements, and provides a foundation for its propagation, conservation, and germplasm restoration in high-altitude orchids.