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<p>This review summarizes biotechnological advances for <i>Panax vietnamensis</i>, an endangered medicinal plant native to Vietnam and China, valued for unique bioactive metabolites, particularly ocotillol-type ginsenosides. Its wild populations face critical threats from overharvesting, habitat loss, slow growth, and poor regeneration, unable to meet high commercial demand. Biotechnology offers multiple solutions to address these challenges through controlled seed germination, direct and indirect organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and sustainable production of bioactive compounds via cell or root cultures. Somatic embryogenesis was the most effective propagation method, achieving 45–100% embryogenesis and 33–353 embryos/explant depending on explant and culture conditions. Indirect shoot induction typically produced 6–8 shoots per explant, while direct organogenesis using a Thin Cell Layer technique achieved 27–47% shoot formation. Adding spermidine (0.1 mM) or proline (2.6 mM) to culture medium promoted embryo formation and maturation. Silver and iron nanoparticles supplied during explant disinfection or cultivation stimulated embryo development and improved the morphological and biosynthetic traits of the developed plants. In vitro-derived plants were successfully acclimatized and reintroduced into natural habitats, with survival rates above 80%, normal development, flowering, and viable seed production demonstrated through multi-year monitoring. The highest total ginsenoside content reported in biotechnological systems was 6.8–10.3 mg/g dry weight (DW) in suspension cell cultures, 45–49 mg/gDW in hairy roots, and 28.5 mg/gDW in adventitious roots. High biomass productivity and scalability in bioreactors (3 to 100 L) make these systems a highly potent sustainable source of ginsenosides. Major constraints and future research directions of biotechnology applications in <i>P. vietnamensis</i> are also discussed.</p>

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Advanced biotechnologies for utilization, reproduction, and restoration of Vietnamese ginseng, Panax vietnamensis, an endemic medicinal plant

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Maria Lunkova,
  • Elena Popova,
  • Maria Titova

摘要

This review summarizes biotechnological advances for Panax vietnamensis, an endangered medicinal plant native to Vietnam and China, valued for unique bioactive metabolites, particularly ocotillol-type ginsenosides. Its wild populations face critical threats from overharvesting, habitat loss, slow growth, and poor regeneration, unable to meet high commercial demand. Biotechnology offers multiple solutions to address these challenges through controlled seed germination, direct and indirect organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and sustainable production of bioactive compounds via cell or root cultures. Somatic embryogenesis was the most effective propagation method, achieving 45–100% embryogenesis and 33–353 embryos/explant depending on explant and culture conditions. Indirect shoot induction typically produced 6–8 shoots per explant, while direct organogenesis using a Thin Cell Layer technique achieved 27–47% shoot formation. Adding spermidine (0.1 mM) or proline (2.6 mM) to culture medium promoted embryo formation and maturation. Silver and iron nanoparticles supplied during explant disinfection or cultivation stimulated embryo development and improved the morphological and biosynthetic traits of the developed plants. In vitro-derived plants were successfully acclimatized and reintroduced into natural habitats, with survival rates above 80%, normal development, flowering, and viable seed production demonstrated through multi-year monitoring. The highest total ginsenoside content reported in biotechnological systems was 6.8–10.3 mg/g dry weight (DW) in suspension cell cultures, 45–49 mg/gDW in hairy roots, and 28.5 mg/gDW in adventitious roots. High biomass productivity and scalability in bioreactors (3 to 100 L) make these systems a highly potent sustainable source of ginsenosides. Major constraints and future research directions of biotechnology applications in P. vietnamensis are also discussed.