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<p>Soil salinity is a significant abiotic stress limiting the growth and productivity of <i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L. ‘Medjool’, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The present study analyzed the ability of fungal elicitors derived from <i>Trichoderma ghanense</i> (F5) and <i>Simplicillium obclavatum</i> (F8) to alleviate salinity stress in tissue culture and in the greenhouse. Embryogenic calli were cultured in the presence of 0–300 mM NaCl with five different elicitor treatments, and then their fresh weight, ionic composition, and stress tolerance were assessed. Results from two-way ANOVA indicated the effects of both salinity and elicitor on callus growth were significant (main effects and interactions). The hydrolyzed <i>T. ghanense</i> (Tg2) elicitor produced the most significant biomass across all NaCl levels. Machine learning approaches, including Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), were trained to model the callus fresh weight, with the MLP performing the best (R² = 0.97, RMSE = 0.07). Variable Sensitivity Ratio calculations showed that the factors with the most significant variation were the addition of Tg2 elicitor relative to NaCl at 300 mM. In the greenhouse trials (0–18 dS/m), plants subjected to elicitor treatments demonstrated lower Na⁺ accumulation and an increased retention of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions with demonstrably greater effects on younger leaves. The multivariate analyses (MANOVA, PCA, heatmap) further confirmed that elicitor treatment produced substantial modulation of ionic homeostasis under salinity-mediated stress conditions. The findings qualitatively indicate rhizosphere-derived fungal elicitors, particularly hydrolyzed <i>T. ghanense</i>, can enhance salt tolerance in Medjool date palm. Testing with physiological assays combined with machine learning can support and advance consistent elicitor-based propagation methods. </p>

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Hydrolyzed Trichoderma ghanense and Simplicillium obclavatum elicitors improve ionic homeostasis and callus growth under salinity stress in date palm

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月27日

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  • Nastaran Shahmoradian,
  • Reza Zarghami,
  • Khalil Alami Saeid,
  • Ebrahim Karimi,
  • Yousef Nami

摘要

Soil salinity is a significant abiotic stress limiting the growth and productivity of Phoenix dactylifera L. ‘Medjool’, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The present study analyzed the ability of fungal elicitors derived from Trichoderma ghanense (F5) and Simplicillium obclavatum (F8) to alleviate salinity stress in tissue culture and in the greenhouse. Embryogenic calli were cultured in the presence of 0–300 mM NaCl with five different elicitor treatments, and then their fresh weight, ionic composition, and stress tolerance were assessed. Results from two-way ANOVA indicated the effects of both salinity and elicitor on callus growth were significant (main effects and interactions). The hydrolyzed T. ghanense (Tg2) elicitor produced the most significant biomass across all NaCl levels. Machine learning approaches, including Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), were trained to model the callus fresh weight, with the MLP performing the best (R² = 0.97, RMSE = 0.07). Variable Sensitivity Ratio calculations showed that the factors with the most significant variation were the addition of Tg2 elicitor relative to NaCl at 300 mM. In the greenhouse trials (0–18 dS/m), plants subjected to elicitor treatments demonstrated lower Na⁺ accumulation and an increased retention of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions with demonstrably greater effects on younger leaves. The multivariate analyses (MANOVA, PCA, heatmap) further confirmed that elicitor treatment produced substantial modulation of ionic homeostasis under salinity-mediated stress conditions. The findings qualitatively indicate rhizosphere-derived fungal elicitors, particularly hydrolyzed T. ghanense, can enhance salt tolerance in Medjool date palm. Testing with physiological assays combined with machine learning can support and advance consistent elicitor-based propagation methods.