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<p><i>Primula veris</i> L. subsp. <i>veris</i> is a perennial medicinal herb valued for its roots and flowers, which are widely used as pharmaceutical raw materials. Due to poor seed germination under greenhouse and field conditions, in vitro cultivation presents a reliable alternative for efficient propagation. This study aimed to identify the optimal light-emitting diode (LED) spectrum and intensity for promoting microshoot development and rooting in P. veris, as a potential replacement for conventional fluorescent lighting.Five lighting conditions were evaluated: white fluorescent light with a blue-green spectrum (WFL-BG-40); LED with a broad blue-green-yellow-orange-red spectrum (LED-BGYOR-40); and LEDs with blue-red spectra at different intensities—40, 80, and 120 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (LED-BR-40, LED-BR-80, LED-BR-120, respectively). Among these, LED-BR-80 (63% red, 21% blue, 7% green, 7% orange, 2% yellow) significantly enhanced rooting percentage (83.3%), root number per microshoot (4.7 ± 0.4), and root length (4.2 ± 0.3&#xa0;cm).Photosynthetic pigment content was highest under LED-BR-40, while chloroplast ultrastructure was best preserved under LED-BR-80, which also showed the highest maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm = 0.83 ± 0.01) and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII = 0.65 ± 0.02). Non-regulated energy loss (ΦNO) was lowest under LED-BR-80 and LED-BR-120.These results indicate that LED-BR-80 provides the most favorable lighting conditions for P. veris microshoot growth and rooting in vitro, offering a promising and energy-efficient alternative to traditional fluorescent light sources for large-scale propagation.</p>

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Optimizing LED lighting for in vitro cultivation of Primula veris L. subsp. veris: leaf anatomical and physiological responses to spectrum and intensity variations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月25日

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  • Virginia Sarropoulou,
  • Ilektra Sperdouli,
  • Aikaterina Stefi,
  • Emmanuel Panteris,
  • Ioannis-Dimosthenis Adamakis,
  • Katerina Grigoriadou

摘要

Primula veris L. subsp. veris is a perennial medicinal herb valued for its roots and flowers, which are widely used as pharmaceutical raw materials. Due to poor seed germination under greenhouse and field conditions, in vitro cultivation presents a reliable alternative for efficient propagation. This study aimed to identify the optimal light-emitting diode (LED) spectrum and intensity for promoting microshoot development and rooting in P. veris, as a potential replacement for conventional fluorescent lighting.Five lighting conditions were evaluated: white fluorescent light with a blue-green spectrum (WFL-BG-40); LED with a broad blue-green-yellow-orange-red spectrum (LED-BGYOR-40); and LEDs with blue-red spectra at different intensities—40, 80, and 120 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (LED-BR-40, LED-BR-80, LED-BR-120, respectively). Among these, LED-BR-80 (63% red, 21% blue, 7% green, 7% orange, 2% yellow) significantly enhanced rooting percentage (83.3%), root number per microshoot (4.7 ± 0.4), and root length (4.2 ± 0.3 cm).Photosynthetic pigment content was highest under LED-BR-40, while chloroplast ultrastructure was best preserved under LED-BR-80, which also showed the highest maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm = 0.83 ± 0.01) and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII = 0.65 ± 0.02). Non-regulated energy loss (ΦNO) was lowest under LED-BR-80 and LED-BR-120.These results indicate that LED-BR-80 provides the most favorable lighting conditions for P. veris microshoot growth and rooting in vitro, offering a promising and energy-efficient alternative to traditional fluorescent light sources for large-scale propagation.