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<p>The application of nanoparticles to stimulate cultured cells has attracted much attention due to its potential to improve metabolite production. Saponins, part of the glycoside family with triterpene or steroid aglycone structures, are used in pharmaceuticals, food, and cleaning. <i>Acanthophyllum squarrosum</i>, a saponin-rich plant native to Iran, is extensively harvested here. In this study, the impact of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on physiological properties and saponin production by cultured <i>A. squarrosum</i> cells was investigated. The uptake of AgNPs in <i>A. squarrosum</i> cells was confirmed through TEM observation. A negative correlation was observed with increasing AgNP concentration, with the most significant growth reduction accompanied by increased malonyldialdehyde (MDA), electroconductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) levels at 10 ppm. Among applied concentrations of AgNP, 5 ppm was marked as optimum, where the highest rise of total sugars, phenolics, triterpenoid/steroidal saponin contents, and the greatest activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) was accompanied by less reduction in growth and viability of the cells. The results indicate that hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) regulates antioxidant enzymes in response to AgNPs by interacting with abscisic acid (ABA) and affects the production of saponins via salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Additionally, gibberellic acid (GA) is more closely linked to phenolics production than saponins.</p>

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Hydrogen peroxide, central core of AgNP signaling pathway in promotion of saponins in Acanthophyllum squarrosum cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月28日

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  • Sakineh Shakeri,
  • Somayeh Alikhani,
  • Mitra Jamshidi,
  • Faezeh Ghanati

摘要

The application of nanoparticles to stimulate cultured cells has attracted much attention due to its potential to improve metabolite production. Saponins, part of the glycoside family with triterpene or steroid aglycone structures, are used in pharmaceuticals, food, and cleaning. Acanthophyllum squarrosum, a saponin-rich plant native to Iran, is extensively harvested here. In this study, the impact of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on physiological properties and saponin production by cultured A. squarrosum cells was investigated. The uptake of AgNPs in A. squarrosum cells was confirmed through TEM observation. A negative correlation was observed with increasing AgNP concentration, with the most significant growth reduction accompanied by increased malonyldialdehyde (MDA), electroconductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) levels at 10 ppm. Among applied concentrations of AgNP, 5 ppm was marked as optimum, where the highest rise of total sugars, phenolics, triterpenoid/steroidal saponin contents, and the greatest activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) was accompanied by less reduction in growth and viability of the cells. The results indicate that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) regulates antioxidant enzymes in response to AgNPs by interacting with abscisic acid (ABA) and affects the production of saponins via salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Additionally, gibberellic acid (GA) is more closely linked to phenolics production than saponins.