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<p>The Internet of Things requires communication protocols that support long-range connectivity and low-energy consumption. LoRaWAN is a protocol designed to achieve these requirements, enabling efficient connectivity for thousands of End-devices to Gateways across different channel conditions. The adaptive data rate (ADR) mechanism lies at the core of LoRaWAN’s functionality, which dynamically adjusts link parameters such as the spreading factor (SF), transmission power, bandwidth, channels, and code rate. By optimizing these parameters, ADR significantly enhances network reliability, reduces the error rate under non-optimal channel conditions, and facilitates network scaling. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the ADR mechanism in LoRaWAN. We introduced a novel metric to estimate the energy consumption in a LoRaWAN network using the FLoRa framework. In addition, we review ADR proposals in the literature and examine their potential to surpass the ADR standard configuration. Our findings indicate a direct correlation between the number of SF adjustments and overall network energy consumption, highlighting the role of ADR in improving network efficiency and reliability.</p>

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A novel metric to estimate energy consumption in LoRaWAN based on SF adjustments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月11日

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  • Juan P. Morales-Álvarez,
  • Víktor I. Rodríguez-Abdalá,
  • Francisco R. Castillo-Soria,
  • Remberto Sandoval-Arechiga,
  • Fermín M. R. Maciel-Barboza,
  • Jaime Sanchez-Garcia

摘要

The Internet of Things requires communication protocols that support long-range connectivity and low-energy consumption. LoRaWAN is a protocol designed to achieve these requirements, enabling efficient connectivity for thousands of End-devices to Gateways across different channel conditions. The adaptive data rate (ADR) mechanism lies at the core of LoRaWAN’s functionality, which dynamically adjusts link parameters such as the spreading factor (SF), transmission power, bandwidth, channels, and code rate. By optimizing these parameters, ADR significantly enhances network reliability, reduces the error rate under non-optimal channel conditions, and facilitates network scaling. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the ADR mechanism in LoRaWAN. We introduced a novel metric to estimate the energy consumption in a LoRaWAN network using the FLoRa framework. In addition, we review ADR proposals in the literature and examine their potential to surpass the ADR standard configuration. Our findings indicate a direct correlation between the number of SF adjustments and overall network energy consumption, highlighting the role of ADR in improving network efficiency and reliability.