A Wittgensteinian account of the beauty of proofs
摘要
This paper examines philosophical and empirical discussions of the beauty of mathematical proofs. Drawing on Wittgenstein’s later philosophy of mathematics and aesthetics, it argues that a recurrent philosophical temptation is to treat beauty-talk as if it must identify something: a property of mathematical reality, a structural profile of proofs, or a psychological/social state of the appraiser. This is not intended as a criticism of empirical studies, which operationalise and test hypotheses about mathematical appraisal. The target is instead a philosophical inference sometimes drawn from beauty-talk, or from data about beauty-judgements, to the conclusion that beauty must have a single underlying nature. Against that temptation, the paper proposes a Wittgensteinian alternative. On the view defended here, to call a proof beautiful is not primarily to attribute an intrinsic aesthetic property to it, but to make a practice-internal normative appraisal. Such judgements can endorse mathematical routes, calibrate attention, transmit standards, and help form mathematical taste, while remaining answerable to reasons without presupposing a single essence of beauty. The beauty of proofs is thus grammatical rather than ontological.