<p>Main memory databases are increasingly preferred in modern applications for real-time data processing due to their exceptional throughput performance. However, implementing <i>index organization</i> within these engines presents significant challenges. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a novel index organization, the B<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\varepsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mi>ε</mi> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-organized table, which leverages the B<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\varepsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mi>ε</mi> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-tree index and an optimization algorithm combined with Markov Decision Processes. The B<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\varepsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mi>ε</mi> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-organized table enables efficient data access by storing the latest versions in the leaf nodes of the B<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\varepsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mi>ε</mi> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-tree index and incorporating two effective contention management mechanisms. The Markov Decision Process-based optimization algorithm identifies optimal configurations for achieving high performance with the B<InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\varepsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mi>ε</mi> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-organized table across diverse workloads. We have integrated the B<InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\varepsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mi>ε</mi> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-organized table into a widely studied open-source main memory database system. Our extensive experimental results, conducted using standard benchmarks, demonstrate that the B<InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="8" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\varepsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mi>ε</mi> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-organized table outperforms state-of-the-art storage organizations-such as <i>heap organization</i> and <i>conventional index organization</i>-achieving up to 1.7<InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> higher performance under TPC-C workloads and up to 2.5<InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11227_2025_7034_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> higher performance under YCSB workloads.</p>

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A Bε-organized table using Markov decision process for main memory database engines

  • Qian Zhang,
  • Xueqing Gong,
  • Yifan Li,
  • Junxian Li

摘要

Main memory databases are increasingly preferred in modern applications for real-time data processing due to their exceptional throughput performance. However, implementing index organization within these engines presents significant challenges. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a novel index organization, the B \(^{\varepsilon }\) ε -organized table, which leverages the B \(^{\varepsilon }\) ε -tree index and an optimization algorithm combined with Markov Decision Processes. The B \(^{\varepsilon }\) ε -organized table enables efficient data access by storing the latest versions in the leaf nodes of the B \(^{\varepsilon }\) ε -tree index and incorporating two effective contention management mechanisms. The Markov Decision Process-based optimization algorithm identifies optimal configurations for achieving high performance with the B \(^{\varepsilon }\) ε -organized table across diverse workloads. We have integrated the B \(^{\varepsilon }\) ε -organized table into a widely studied open-source main memory database system. Our extensive experimental results, conducted using standard benchmarks, demonstrate that the B \(^{\varepsilon }\) ε -organized table outperforms state-of-the-art storage organizations-such as heap organization and conventional index organization-achieving up to 1.7 \(\times\) × higher performance under TPC-C workloads and up to 2.5 \(\times\) × higher performance under YCSB workloads.