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<p>Traditional chemical analysis techniques require high operational costs and sophisticated equipment and cannot provide real-time monitoring. However, it can be achieved with less expensive and simpler equipment by using alternative sensing technologies, such as Radio Frequency (RF) sensing and capacitive sensing, which overcome these limitations. However, RF-based sensing of heterogeneous liquid mixtures remains challenging due to their complex effective permittivity. This article introduces a low-cost, highly sensitive RF biosensor based on a nested complementary multiple split-ring resonator (CSRR) enabling the detection of concentration variations in multi-solute mixtures such as ethanol, sodium chloride, and L-lysine. The sensor was fabricated with dimensions of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(38.8 \times 22.8 \,\mathrm {mm^{2}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with high fabrication yield. The sensor operates at a measured resonant frequency of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2.56 \,\textrm{GHz}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The sensor performance is stabilized using a polylactic acid (PLA) wall and Whatman paper to ensure uniform sample distribution over the sensing region. A normalized sensitivity of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.637\%\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is achieved, representing an improvement over a single-ring CSRR architecture.</p>

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Non-invasive Real-Time Monitoring of Concentrations in Ionic, Ethanolic, and Amino-Acidic Multi-solute Mixtures Using an RF Nested CSRR Sensor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月15日

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  • Teja Jetti,
  • Andleeb Zahra,
  • Azeemuddin Syed,
  • Zia Abbas

摘要

Traditional chemical analysis techniques require high operational costs and sophisticated equipment and cannot provide real-time monitoring. However, it can be achieved with less expensive and simpler equipment by using alternative sensing technologies, such as Radio Frequency (RF) sensing and capacitive sensing, which overcome these limitations. However, RF-based sensing of heterogeneous liquid mixtures remains challenging due to their complex effective permittivity. This article introduces a low-cost, highly sensitive RF biosensor based on a nested complementary multiple split-ring resonator (CSRR) enabling the detection of concentration variations in multi-solute mixtures such as ethanol, sodium chloride, and L-lysine. The sensor was fabricated with dimensions of \(38.8 \times 22.8 \,\mathrm {mm^{2}}\) with high fabrication yield. The sensor operates at a measured resonant frequency of \(2.56 \,\textrm{GHz}\) . The sensor performance is stabilized using a polylactic acid (PLA) wall and Whatman paper to ensure uniform sample distribution over the sensing region. A normalized sensitivity of \(0.637\%\) is achieved, representing an improvement over a single-ring CSRR architecture.