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<p>Defect detection and dielectric characterization in solid materials are critical for ensuring reliability in industrial and electronic systems. Conventional resonator-based microwave sensors, such as open-loop resonators (OLR) and split-ring resonators (SRR), often suffer from large footprints, limited sensitivity, and vulnerability to environmental variations. To address these limitations, this work presents the design and experimental validation of a differential microwave sensor based on a Folded Open-Loop Resonator (FOLR). The folded structure reduces the resonator size while enhancing electric field concentration in the sensing gap, thereby improving spatial efficiency and sensitivity. Frequency splitting is employed as the primary measurement parameter to discriminate between non-defective and defective dielectric samples under various geometric configurations. Experimental results demonstrate an average frequency detection resolution (FDR) of 152.53 MHz and a normalized sensitivity (NS) of 6.83%. In addition, a logarithmic frequency-shift model was proposed to estimate real permittivity, achieving up to 97.99% accuracy across a wide permittivity range. Comparative analysis with prior resonator designs highlights that the proposed sensor achieves a superior trade-off between compactness, sensitivity, and defect detection capability. These results confirm the potential of the FOLR-based differential sensor as a high-precision non-destructive testing (NDT) tool of solid dielectric materials.</p>

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Differential Microwave Sensor with Folded Open-Loop Resonator for Frequency-Splitting-Based Permittivity Detection in Defective and Non-Defective Solid Dielectric Materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Dian Rusdiyanto,
  • Umaisaroh,
  • Ahmad Firdausi,
  • Dian Widi Astuti,
  • Mudrik Alaydrus,
  • Syah Alam,
  • Mohd Fais Bin Mansor

摘要

Defect detection and dielectric characterization in solid materials are critical for ensuring reliability in industrial and electronic systems. Conventional resonator-based microwave sensors, such as open-loop resonators (OLR) and split-ring resonators (SRR), often suffer from large footprints, limited sensitivity, and vulnerability to environmental variations. To address these limitations, this work presents the design and experimental validation of a differential microwave sensor based on a Folded Open-Loop Resonator (FOLR). The folded structure reduces the resonator size while enhancing electric field concentration in the sensing gap, thereby improving spatial efficiency and sensitivity. Frequency splitting is employed as the primary measurement parameter to discriminate between non-defective and defective dielectric samples under various geometric configurations. Experimental results demonstrate an average frequency detection resolution (FDR) of 152.53 MHz and a normalized sensitivity (NS) of 6.83%. In addition, a logarithmic frequency-shift model was proposed to estimate real permittivity, achieving up to 97.99% accuracy across a wide permittivity range. Comparative analysis with prior resonator designs highlights that the proposed sensor achieves a superior trade-off between compactness, sensitivity, and defect detection capability. These results confirm the potential of the FOLR-based differential sensor as a high-precision non-destructive testing (NDT) tool of solid dielectric materials.