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<p>Early pregnancy detection is critical for timely prenatal care and for reducing maternal fetal complications. We propose a highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor in the Kretschmann configuration using a ZBLAN prism, a Cu plasmonic film, a ZnS dielectric spacer, and a two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) overlayer. This multilayer architecture strengthens analyte–surface interaction and localizes the plasmonic field at resonance. The device attains a sensitivity up to <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(600~^{\circ }\!/\textrm{RIU}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> over the analyte refractive-index range 1.335–1.343. Additional performance metrics include a minimum full width at half maximum (FWHM) of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(4.6607^{\circ }\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, a maximum figure of merit (FoM) of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(119.66~\textrm{RIU}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and a limit of detection (LoD) as low as <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(3.3\times 10^{-6}~\textrm{RIU}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Field analysis further shows a maximum electric-field amplitude of about <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(401.283~\mathrm {kV\,m}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at the BP/analyte interface and an evanescent-field penetration depth of approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(151.5~\textrm{nm}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These results position the proposed biosensor as a promising candidate for real-time, label-free, and highly sensitive early-pregnancy detection suitable for both clinical and home-based diagnostics.</p>

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Label-Free Early Pregnancy Detection Using a ZBLAN Prism-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Khandoker Tauhid Imam,
  • Nayeema Rouf Nobonita,
  • H. M. Ibrahim Khalil,
  • Zubair Ibne Kabir,
  • Dewan Mohammad Tausif

摘要

Early pregnancy detection is critical for timely prenatal care and for reducing maternal fetal complications. We propose a highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor in the Kretschmann configuration using a ZBLAN prism, a Cu plasmonic film, a ZnS dielectric spacer, and a two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) overlayer. This multilayer architecture strengthens analyte–surface interaction and localizes the plasmonic field at resonance. The device attains a sensitivity up to \(600~^{\circ }\!/\textrm{RIU}\) over the analyte refractive-index range 1.335–1.343. Additional performance metrics include a minimum full width at half maximum (FWHM) of \(4.6607^{\circ }\) , a maximum figure of merit (FoM) of \(119.66~\textrm{RIU}^{-1}\) , and a limit of detection (LoD) as low as \(3.3\times 10^{-6}~\textrm{RIU}\) . Field analysis further shows a maximum electric-field amplitude of about \(401.283~\mathrm {kV\,m}^{-1}\) at the BP/analyte interface and an evanescent-field penetration depth of approximately \(151.5~\textrm{nm}\) . These results position the proposed biosensor as a promising candidate for real-time, label-free, and highly sensitive early-pregnancy detection suitable for both clinical and home-based diagnostics.