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<p>This paper presents a compact Through-the-Wall Imaging Radar (TWIR) system utilizing an optimized Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar with a high-gain Vivaldi antenna. Operating within a 1.9 to 3.7 GHz band capability, the system employs a chirp signal spanning 2.45 to 3.25 GHz with a 25 µs sweep period and an average transmit power of 15 dBm, integrating a high-gain (10.27 dBi at 3 GHz), small-aperture (148 × 85 mm) antenna. This design achieves robust penetration through 10.3 cm thick brick walls and 4.2 cm thick wooden doors while enhancing image quality with a narrower beam width, reducing wall reflections, and improving detection of targets. The system employs Linear Synthetic Aperture Radar (LSAR) and Generalized Back-Projection (GBP) with 40–60% thresholding for image reconstruction, achieving SNR values of 8–23 dB and localization errors below 5–25 cm. Experimental results demonstrate successful detection and localization of a metallic tray (diameter: 60 cm) and a human target in three scenarios, with scan step sizes of 2.5–12 cm. Compared to prior TWIR systems, such as Kumar et al. (In: 11th International conference on industrial and information systems (ICIIS), 2016), Li et al. (Sensors 18:311, 2018), Elboushi et al. (In:&#xa0;2013 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology &amp; Applications&#xa0;(ISWTA)).&#xa0;Kuching, Malaysia, 2013), Tivive et al. (IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens, 53:2108, 2015), Liang et al. (Progress Electromagn Res C, 87:119, 2018); Lu et al. (In:&#xa0;2011 8th European Radar Conference, Manchester, UK, pp. 325–328, 2011), the proposed system offers superior SNR, finer localization, and reduced artifacts using a simpler, portable design, making it suitable for urban surveillance and emergency response applications.</p>

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High-Gain Vivaldi-Enhanced FMCW Radar for Robust Through-Wall Human and Object Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Armin Mohammadjany,
  • Hossein Miar-Naimi

摘要

This paper presents a compact Through-the-Wall Imaging Radar (TWIR) system utilizing an optimized Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar with a high-gain Vivaldi antenna. Operating within a 1.9 to 3.7 GHz band capability, the system employs a chirp signal spanning 2.45 to 3.25 GHz with a 25 µs sweep period and an average transmit power of 15 dBm, integrating a high-gain (10.27 dBi at 3 GHz), small-aperture (148 × 85 mm) antenna. This design achieves robust penetration through 10.3 cm thick brick walls and 4.2 cm thick wooden doors while enhancing image quality with a narrower beam width, reducing wall reflections, and improving detection of targets. The system employs Linear Synthetic Aperture Radar (LSAR) and Generalized Back-Projection (GBP) with 40–60% thresholding for image reconstruction, achieving SNR values of 8–23 dB and localization errors below 5–25 cm. Experimental results demonstrate successful detection and localization of a metallic tray (diameter: 60 cm) and a human target in three scenarios, with scan step sizes of 2.5–12 cm. Compared to prior TWIR systems, such as Kumar et al. (In: 11th International conference on industrial and information systems (ICIIS), 2016), Li et al. (Sensors 18:311, 2018), Elboushi et al. (In: 2013 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology & Applications (ISWTA)). Kuching, Malaysia, 2013), Tivive et al. (IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens, 53:2108, 2015), Liang et al. (Progress Electromagn Res C, 87:119, 2018); Lu et al. (In: 2011 8th European Radar Conference, Manchester, UK, pp. 325–328, 2011), the proposed system offers superior SNR, finer localization, and reduced artifacts using a simpler, portable design, making it suitable for urban surveillance and emergency response applications.