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<p>In this work, a high-performance electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive sulfamethazine detection was developed using a graphitic carbon nitride/single-walled carbon nanotube (GCN/SWCNT) based nanohybrid film. The nanohybrid’s structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties were studied using UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EIS, CV, and amperometric measurements. UV–Vis and FTIR confirmed GCN-SWCNT hybrid film formation, while XRD confirmed crystallinity and phase purity. SEM micrographs showed a homogeneously dispersed SWCNT decorated GCN sheets that increased charge mobility and active surface area. EIS showed a significantly lower charge-transfer resistance (99.64 Ω) at the GCN/SWCNT/GCE interface compared to GCN/GCE (436.8 Ω) and bare GCE (490.4 Ω), indicating improved electrical conductivity. Electrochemical experiments showed quick electron kinetics with high current amplification and low peak-to-peak potential separation. This new sensor showed a linear response to sulfamethazine (SMZ) from 0.025 to 10 µM, with a detection limit of 19 nM. The sensor exhibited impressive sensitivity with a strong linear response (R² = 0.9906). It demonstrated excellent repeatability (RSD = 3.2%), along with high stability and selectivity in the presence of common interfering species. Systematic pH optimization in the range of 4–12 identified pH 7.4 as the optimal condition for SMZ oxidation. Environmental water sample analyses produced satisfactory recovery values (84.14–87.24%), confirming the analytical reliability and practical applicability of the nanohybrid system. The enhanced charge transfer capability, superior sensitivity, and robust performance highlight the GCN/SWCNT nanohybrid as a promising next-generation platform for environmental antibiotic monitoring.</p>

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Electrochemical Determination of Sulfamethazine Antibiotic Using SWCNT Decorated Graphitic Carbon Nitride Hybrid Composite Modified Electrode

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月26日

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  • Surendar Balu,
  • Dheepak Balaji,
  • Gokul Sridharan,
  • Raji Atchudan,
  • Sandeep Arya,
  • Surendra H. Mahadevegowda,
  • Ashok K. Sundramoorthy

摘要

In this work, a high-performance electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive sulfamethazine detection was developed using a graphitic carbon nitride/single-walled carbon nanotube (GCN/SWCNT) based nanohybrid film. The nanohybrid’s structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties were studied using UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EIS, CV, and amperometric measurements. UV–Vis and FTIR confirmed GCN-SWCNT hybrid film formation, while XRD confirmed crystallinity and phase purity. SEM micrographs showed a homogeneously dispersed SWCNT decorated GCN sheets that increased charge mobility and active surface area. EIS showed a significantly lower charge-transfer resistance (99.64 Ω) at the GCN/SWCNT/GCE interface compared to GCN/GCE (436.8 Ω) and bare GCE (490.4 Ω), indicating improved electrical conductivity. Electrochemical experiments showed quick electron kinetics with high current amplification and low peak-to-peak potential separation. This new sensor showed a linear response to sulfamethazine (SMZ) from 0.025 to 10 µM, with a detection limit of 19 nM. The sensor exhibited impressive sensitivity with a strong linear response (R² = 0.9906). It demonstrated excellent repeatability (RSD = 3.2%), along with high stability and selectivity in the presence of common interfering species. Systematic pH optimization in the range of 4–12 identified pH 7.4 as the optimal condition for SMZ oxidation. Environmental water sample analyses produced satisfactory recovery values (84.14–87.24%), confirming the analytical reliability and practical applicability of the nanohybrid system. The enhanced charge transfer capability, superior sensitivity, and robust performance highlight the GCN/SWCNT nanohybrid as a promising next-generation platform for environmental antibiotic monitoring.