This paper demonstrates the mathematical model and theoretical analysis of a novel, multi-layered graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) configuration with high sensitivity ( \({\text{S}}_{\text {SPR}}\) ) by employing the transfer matrix method. Extensive exploration of resonance phenomena, including variations in structural parameters, enables the determination of optimal parameters to achieve maximum sensitivity while minimizing signal loss. The analytical findings indicate that the newly designed SPR structure features an innovative configuration, offers cost-effectiveness, and exhibits significant enhancements in performance indicators when compared to previous research efforts. Specifically, the configuration achieves a sensitivity of \(170.25^{{\circ }}\) /RIU, detection accuracy of 1.4070 degree−1, and figure of merit of 35.179 RIU−1. This sensor design opens up possibilities for advanced biomolecular detection by exploiting graphene’s distinctive characteristics and employing state-of-the-art nanofabrication methods.
