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<p>Indonesia’s ambitious electric vehicle (EV) targets of 13&#xa0;million electric two-wheelers and 2&#xa0;million four-wheelers by 2030 contrast sharply with current adoption below 2% of total vehicle sales, suggesting that implementation barriers extend beyond technical or economic factors. This study applies Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) to examine Indonesia’s EV transition, marking the first application of this framework to EV policy analysis in Southeast Asia. Drawing on six Focus Group Discussions involving 35 stakeholders from government, industry, academia, and civil society conducted between 2023 and 2025, the analysis interrogates boundary judgments across CSH’s four sources: motivation, control, knowledge, and legitimacy. The findings identify three mutually reinforcing exclusion mechanisms that appear to constrain policy effectiveness: manufacturer information control that may limit government autonomy and domestic innovation, fragmented inter-ministerial governance that may contribute to concentration of benefits among already-served constituencies, and geographic-economic boundaries reflected in participant reports of approximately 88% of charging infrastructure being concentrated in Java-Bali, alongside subsidies directed toward vehicles exceeding 250&#xa0;million rupiah despite average monthly per capita income of 5.9&#xa0;million rupiah. The analysis further indicates that technical and economic expertise dominate policy discourse while experiential knowledge about local mobility patterns, cultural practices such as mudik, and conversion economics remains less prominent in policy considerations. A three-layer nested governance framework is proposed, spanning structural governance, knowledge participation, and equity outcomes, to reconstruct system boundaries toward more inclusive, culturally responsive, and equitable EV transitions in developing country contexts.</p>

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Unveiling Power Asymmetries and Stakeholder Legitimacy in Indonesia’s Electric Vehicle Transition: A Critical Systems Heuristics Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Rachman Phasadaon Hutasuhut,
  • Pri Hermawan,
  • Santi Novani

摘要

Indonesia’s ambitious electric vehicle (EV) targets of 13 million electric two-wheelers and 2 million four-wheelers by 2030 contrast sharply with current adoption below 2% of total vehicle sales, suggesting that implementation barriers extend beyond technical or economic factors. This study applies Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) to examine Indonesia’s EV transition, marking the first application of this framework to EV policy analysis in Southeast Asia. Drawing on six Focus Group Discussions involving 35 stakeholders from government, industry, academia, and civil society conducted between 2023 and 2025, the analysis interrogates boundary judgments across CSH’s four sources: motivation, control, knowledge, and legitimacy. The findings identify three mutually reinforcing exclusion mechanisms that appear to constrain policy effectiveness: manufacturer information control that may limit government autonomy and domestic innovation, fragmented inter-ministerial governance that may contribute to concentration of benefits among already-served constituencies, and geographic-economic boundaries reflected in participant reports of approximately 88% of charging infrastructure being concentrated in Java-Bali, alongside subsidies directed toward vehicles exceeding 250 million rupiah despite average monthly per capita income of 5.9 million rupiah. The analysis further indicates that technical and economic expertise dominate policy discourse while experiential knowledge about local mobility patterns, cultural practices such as mudik, and conversion economics remains less prominent in policy considerations. A three-layer nested governance framework is proposed, spanning structural governance, knowledge participation, and equity outcomes, to reconstruct system boundaries toward more inclusive, culturally responsive, and equitable EV transitions in developing country contexts.