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<p>In July 2024, <span>Sunrise</span> completed its third successful science flight. The <span>Sunrise&#xa0;iii</span> observatory had been upgraded significantly after the two previous successful flights in 2009 and 2013, to tackle the most recent science challenges concerning the solar atmosphere. Three completely new instruments focus on the small-scale physical processes and their complex interaction from the deepest observable layers in the photosphere up to chromospheric heights. Previously poorly explored spectral regions and lines are exploited to paint a three-dimensional picture of the solar atmosphere with unprecedented completeness and level of detail.</p><p>The full polarimetric information is captured by all three instruments to reveal the interaction between the magnetic fields and the hydrodynamic processes. Two slit-based spectropolarimeters, the <span>Sunrise</span> UV Spectropolarimeter and Imager (SUSI) and the <span>Sunrise</span> Chromospheric Infrared spectro-Polarimeter (SCIP), focus on the near-ultraviolet (309 – 417&#xa0;nm) and the near-infrared (765 – 855&#xa0;nm) regions respectively, and the imaging spectropolarimeter Tunable Magnetograph (<span>TuMag</span>) simultaneously obtains maps of the full field-of-view of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11207_2025_2485_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mn>46</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>46</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$46\times 46$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>&#xa0;Mm<sup>2</sup> in the photosphere and the chromosphere in the visible (525 and 517&#xa0;nm). The instruments are operated in an orchestrated mode, benefiting from a new Image Stabilization and Light Distribution unit (<span>ISLiD</span>), with the Correlating Wavefront Sensor (CWS) providing the autofocus control and an image stability with a root-mean-square value smaller than 0.005”. A new gondola was constructed to significantly improve the telescope pointing stability, required to achieve uninterrupted observations over many hours.</p><p><span>Sunrise&#xa0;iii</span> was launched successfully on 10 July 2024, from the Esrange Space Center of the Swedish Space Corporation near Kiruna (Sweden). It reached the landing site between the Mackenzie River and the Great Bear Lake in Canada after a flight duration of 6.5 days. In this paper, we give an overview of the <span>Sunrise&#xa0;iii</span> observatory and its instruments.</p>

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Sunrise iii: Overview of Observatory and Instruments

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月30日

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  • Andreas Korpi-Lagg,
  • Achim Gandorfer,
  • Sami K. Solanki,
  • Jose Carlos del Toro Iniesta,
  • Yukio Katsukawa,
  • Pietro Bernasconi,
  • Thomas Berkefeld,
  • Alex Feller,
  • Tino L. Riethmüller,
  • Alberto Álvarez-Herrero,
  • Masahito Kubo,
  • Valentín Martínez Pillet,
  • H. N. Smitha,
  • David Orozco Suárez,
  • Bianca Grauf,
  • Michael Carpenter,
  • Alexander Bell,
  • María-Teresa Álvarez-Alonso,
  • Daniel Álvarez García,
  • Beatriz Aparicio del Moral,
  • Julia Atiénzar,
  • Daniel Ayoub,
  • Francisco Javier Bailén,
  • Eduardo Bailón Martínez,
  • Maria Balaguer Jiménez,
  • Peter Barthol,
  • Montserrat Bayon Laguna,
  • Luis R. Bellot Rubio,
  • Melani Bergmann,
  • Julian Blanco Rodríguez,
  • Jan Bochmann,
  • Juan Manuel Borrero,
  • Antonio Campos-Jara,
  • Juan Sebastián Castellanos Durán,
  • María Cebollero,
  • Aitor Conde Rodríguez,
  • Werner Deutsch,
  • Harry Eaton,
  • Ana Belen Fernández-Medina,
  • German Fernandez-Rico,
  • Agustin Ferreres,
  • Andrés García,
  • Ramón María García Alarcia,
  • Pilar García Parejo,
  • Daniel Garranzo-García,
  • José Luis Gasent Blesa,
  • Karin Gerber,
  • Dietmar Germerott,
  • David Gilabert Palmer,
  • Laurent Gizon,
  • Miguel Angel Gómez Sánchez-Tirado,
  • David González-Bárcena,
  • Alejandro Gonzalo Melchor,
  • Sam Goodyear,
  • Hirohisa Hara,
  • Edvarda Harnes,
  • Klaus Heerlein,
  • Frank Heidecke,
  • Jan Heinrichs,
  • David Hernández Expósito,
  • Johann Hirzberger,
  • Johannes Hoelken,
  • Sangwon Hyun,
  • Francisco A. Iglesias,
  • Ryohtaroh T. Ishikawa,
  • Minwoo Jeon,
  • Yusuke Kawabata,
  • Martin Kolleck,
  • Hugo Laguna,
  • Julian Lomas,
  • Antonio C. López Jiménez,
  • Paula Manzano,
  • Takuma Matsumoto,
  • David Mayo Turrado,
  • Thimo Meierdierks,
  • Stefan Meining,
  • Markus Monecke,
  • José Miguel Morales-Fernández,
  • Antonio Jesús Moreno Mantas,
  • Alejandro Moreno Vacas,
  • Marc Ferenc Müller,
  • Reinhard Müller,
  • Yoshihiro Naito,
  • Eiji Nakai,
  • Armonía Núñez Peral,
  • Takayoshi Oba,
  • Geoffrey Palo,
  • Isabel Pérez-Grande,
  • Javier Piqueras Carreño,
  • Tobias Preis,
  • Damien Przybylski,
  • Carlos Quintero Noda,
  • Sandeep Ramanath,
  • Jose Luis Ramos Más,
  • Nour Raouafi,
  • María-Jesús Rivas-Martínez,
  • Pedro Rodríguez Martínez,
  • Manuel Rodríguez Valido,
  • Basilio Ruiz Cobo,
  • Antonio Sánchez Rodríguez,
  • Mariano Sanchez Toledo,
  • Antonio Sánchez Gómez,
  • Esteban Sanchis Kilders,
  • Kamal Sant,
  • Pablo Santamarina Guerrero,
  • Erich Schulze,
  • Toshifumi Shimizu,
  • Manuel Silva-López,
  • Kunal Singh,
  • Azaymi L. Siu-Tapia,
  • Thomas Sonner,
  • Jan Staub,
  • Hanna Strecker,
  • Angel Tobaruela,
  • Ignacio Torralbo,
  • Alexandra Tritschler,
  • Toshihiro Tsuzuki,
  • Fumihiro Uraguchi,
  • Reiner Volkmer,
  • Angelos Vourlidas,
  • Dušan Vukadinović,
  • Stephan Werner,
  • Andreas Zerr

摘要

In July 2024, Sunrise completed its third successful science flight. The Sunrise iii observatory had been upgraded significantly after the two previous successful flights in 2009 and 2013, to tackle the most recent science challenges concerning the solar atmosphere. Three completely new instruments focus on the small-scale physical processes and their complex interaction from the deepest observable layers in the photosphere up to chromospheric heights. Previously poorly explored spectral regions and lines are exploited to paint a three-dimensional picture of the solar atmosphere with unprecedented completeness and level of detail.

The full polarimetric information is captured by all three instruments to reveal the interaction between the magnetic fields and the hydrodynamic processes. Two slit-based spectropolarimeters, the Sunrise UV Spectropolarimeter and Imager (SUSI) and the Sunrise Chromospheric Infrared spectro-Polarimeter (SCIP), focus on the near-ultraviolet (309 – 417 nm) and the near-infrared (765 – 855 nm) regions respectively, and the imaging spectropolarimeter Tunable Magnetograph (TuMag) simultaneously obtains maps of the full field-of-view of 46 × 46 $46\times 46$  Mm2 in the photosphere and the chromosphere in the visible (525 and 517 nm). The instruments are operated in an orchestrated mode, benefiting from a new Image Stabilization and Light Distribution unit (ISLiD), with the Correlating Wavefront Sensor (CWS) providing the autofocus control and an image stability with a root-mean-square value smaller than 0.005”. A new gondola was constructed to significantly improve the telescope pointing stability, required to achieve uninterrupted observations over many hours.

Sunrise iii was launched successfully on 10 July 2024, from the Esrange Space Center of the Swedish Space Corporation near Kiruna (Sweden). It reached the landing site between the Mackenzie River and the Great Bear Lake in Canada after a flight duration of 6.5 days. In this paper, we give an overview of the Sunrise iii observatory and its instruments.