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<p>To investigate the mechanism by which freeze–thaw environments affect rock masses, this study conducted particle-flow simulations to model freeze–thaw cycling and the subsequent uniaxial compression behavior of red sandstone. The microscopic characteristics of sandstone’s freeze–thaw damage were analyzed from multiple perspectives such as the coordination number, fracture development, acoustic emission, and freeze–thaw damage variables. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) the decay curves of the coordination number are divided into three stages: initial stability, high-speed attenuation, and gradual stability. The crack development trend is consistent with the three stages of the plant growth curve: incubation period, cracking period, and stable period. (2) The degree of freeze–thaw deterioration is extensively affected by the number of cycles, water content, and confining pressure. As the freeze–thaw cycles increase, the coordination number gradually decreases, while the number of cracks gradually increases. Higher moisture content and lower confining pressure lead to greater deterioration in sand samples. (3) The freeze–thaw damage variables can evaluate the freeze–thaw damage degree and macroscopic mechanical changes of sand samples, exhibiting a linear relationship with the number of freeze–thaw cycles, water content, and confining pressure. This study provides a reference for the stability analysis and safety control of projects in cold areas.</p>

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Particle Flow Simulation and Mesoscopic Damage Mechanism of Sandstone Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles Under Influence of Water Content and Confining Pressure

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • G. C. Liang,
  • Q. H. Zhao,
  • B. Wang,
  • Z. J. Wan,
  • L. Qin,
  • L. Lu

摘要

To investigate the mechanism by which freeze–thaw environments affect rock masses, this study conducted particle-flow simulations to model freeze–thaw cycling and the subsequent uniaxial compression behavior of red sandstone. The microscopic characteristics of sandstone’s freeze–thaw damage were analyzed from multiple perspectives such as the coordination number, fracture development, acoustic emission, and freeze–thaw damage variables. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) the decay curves of the coordination number are divided into three stages: initial stability, high-speed attenuation, and gradual stability. The crack development trend is consistent with the three stages of the plant growth curve: incubation period, cracking period, and stable period. (2) The degree of freeze–thaw deterioration is extensively affected by the number of cycles, water content, and confining pressure. As the freeze–thaw cycles increase, the coordination number gradually decreases, while the number of cracks gradually increases. Higher moisture content and lower confining pressure lead to greater deterioration in sand samples. (3) The freeze–thaw damage variables can evaluate the freeze–thaw damage degree and macroscopic mechanical changes of sand samples, exhibiting a linear relationship with the number of freeze–thaw cycles, water content, and confining pressure. This study provides a reference for the stability analysis and safety control of projects in cold areas.