Sexual Objectification, Sexualization, and Appearance-Related Themes in Anime: A Content Analysis
摘要
Anime is a type of media originating in Japan that has grown increasingly popular worldwide in recent years. It has received criticism regarding its portrayal of women; however, little empirical work has focused on anime. The purpose of this content analysis was to examine the prevalence of sexualization and sexual objectification themes and the cultural messages regarding appearance ideals in 30 popular anime series. Most anime episodes included thin female characters dressed provocatively and the presence of the male gaze. Power over women was also common; however, other toxic masculinity themes appeared infrequently, such as playboy behavior, inappropriate sexual conduct, and oversexualization/perversion of male characters. The most frequently reported appearance themes across the observed anime series were related to the female body portrayal and female kawaii ideal; however, male muscularity and the male hoso macho ideal also appeared often. Future research examining the effects of exposure to anime is warranted.