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<p>As deviating from ingroup norms can have negative consequences, we predicted that failing to meet perceived masculine norms would be associated with lower well-being and satisfaction with life for young men. We chose two countries that differed in the rigidity of gender norms (i.e., Norway and Poland) and conducted two cross-sectional, cross-national studies to test these hypotheses: an exploratory pilot study (Study 1) and a main study with preregistered hypotheses (Study 2). In Study 1, 238 young men (aged 16–25), 82 from Norway (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 20.8&#xa0;years, <i>SD</i> = 2.7) and 156 from Poland (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 20.8, <i>SD</i> = 2.0), completed an online questionnaire about perceived gender norms and self-ratings of agentic and communal traits, well-being, and satisfaction with life. In Study 2, teenage boys (aged 16–19) in their 1st and 2nd year of high school participated (213 Norwegian boys: <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 17.0, <i>SD</i> = 0.3; 507 Polish boys: <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 16.4, <i>SD</i> = 0.6). The more the young men negatively deviated from the perceived masculine norms within their society, the lower their well-being and satisfaction with life, regardless of nationality. The negative relationship between norm deviation and well-being remained significant when controlling for self-ratings in agency. Our findings suggest that helping young men navigate masculinity more flexibly, by addressing the psychological toll of not meeting agentic norms and promoting acceptance of a broader range of traits, could support their well-being and guide effective interventions for educators and policymakers.</p>

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Deviating From Agentic Norms is Negatively Related to Young Men’s Well-Being and Satisfaction With Life

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月6日

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  • Kine Bjørneby Olsen,
  • Marte Olsen,
  • Elizabeth J. Parks-Stamm,
  • Kjærsti Thorsteinsen,
  • Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka,
  • Artur Sawicki,
  • Göksu Celikkol,
  • Jurand Sobiecki,
  • Tomasz Besta,
  • Sarah E. Martiny

摘要

As deviating from ingroup norms can have negative consequences, we predicted that failing to meet perceived masculine norms would be associated with lower well-being and satisfaction with life for young men. We chose two countries that differed in the rigidity of gender norms (i.e., Norway and Poland) and conducted two cross-sectional, cross-national studies to test these hypotheses: an exploratory pilot study (Study 1) and a main study with preregistered hypotheses (Study 2). In Study 1, 238 young men (aged 16–25), 82 from Norway (Mage = 20.8 years, SD = 2.7) and 156 from Poland (Mage = 20.8, SD = 2.0), completed an online questionnaire about perceived gender norms and self-ratings of agentic and communal traits, well-being, and satisfaction with life. In Study 2, teenage boys (aged 16–19) in their 1st and 2nd year of high school participated (213 Norwegian boys: Mage = 17.0, SD = 0.3; 507 Polish boys: Mage = 16.4, SD = 0.6). The more the young men negatively deviated from the perceived masculine norms within their society, the lower their well-being and satisfaction with life, regardless of nationality. The negative relationship between norm deviation and well-being remained significant when controlling for self-ratings in agency. Our findings suggest that helping young men navigate masculinity more flexibly, by addressing the psychological toll of not meeting agentic norms and promoting acceptance of a broader range of traits, could support their well-being and guide effective interventions for educators and policymakers.