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<p>In this work, the formation of structure, porosity, and mechanical properties of tin bronze BrOC4‑3 produced by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been investigated for the first time under different heat inputs (210, 299, and 524 kJ/m). It is shown that heat input systematically affects the residence time of the bronze in the liquid phase, which in turn determines the nature of pore formation due to evaporation of low-melting alloying elements. At low heat input (210 kJ/m), pores are uniformly distributed throughout the layer volume, with a&#xa0;volumetric fraction reaching 18.5 ± 1.5%. In contrast, at high heat input (524 kJ/m), the prolonged lifetime of the molten pool promotes buoyant rise and escape of gas bubbles, reducing the overall porosity to 4.0 ± 1.5% and localizing remaining pores in the upper part of the layer. A&#xa0;correlation between the yield strength and the size of elongated FCC-Cu grains has been established: the maximum yield strength is achieved at a&#xa0;heat input of 299 kJ/m, which corresponds to the minimum length-to-diameter (<i>l/d</i>) ratio of the elongated grains. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of targeted control over the microstructure and properties of additively manufactured tin bronze through adjustment of processing parameters.</p>

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Structure, porosity, and mechanical properties of tin bronze BrOC4-3 produced by wire arc additive manufacturing with varying heat input

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • A. M. Cheremnov,
  • E. O. Knyazhev,
  • A. V. Nikolaeva,
  • A. O. Panfilov,
  • A. V. Vorontsov

摘要

In this work, the formation of structure, porosity, and mechanical properties of tin bronze BrOC4‑3 produced by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been investigated for the first time under different heat inputs (210, 299, and 524 kJ/m). It is shown that heat input systematically affects the residence time of the bronze in the liquid phase, which in turn determines the nature of pore formation due to evaporation of low-melting alloying elements. At low heat input (210 kJ/m), pores are uniformly distributed throughout the layer volume, with a volumetric fraction reaching 18.5 ± 1.5%. In contrast, at high heat input (524 kJ/m), the prolonged lifetime of the molten pool promotes buoyant rise and escape of gas bubbles, reducing the overall porosity to 4.0 ± 1.5% and localizing remaining pores in the upper part of the layer. A correlation between the yield strength and the size of elongated FCC-Cu grains has been established: the maximum yield strength is achieved at a heat input of 299 kJ/m, which corresponds to the minimum length-to-diameter (l/d) ratio of the elongated grains. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of targeted control over the microstructure and properties of additively manufactured tin bronze through adjustment of processing parameters.