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<p>Heterocycles are an important class of compounds that are extensively used in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. The quest for efficient and sustainable approaches for such valuable molecules under green conditions has led to the exploration of various heterogeneous catalysts. Among these, graphitic carbon nitride (<i>g</i>-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) functionalized with active Lewis-Brønsted acid sites stands out as an attractive candidate owing to its tailor-made characteristics. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the design and utility of acidic functionalized <i>g</i>-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> materials as novel carbonaceous catalysts for the chemical/photochemical establishment of numerous bioactive heterocyclic scaffolds and furanic derivatives. Several key synthetic strategies (protonation, immobilization of heteropolyacids/organic acids, sulfonation, sulfonation-metal doping, acid group/ionic liquid grafting, or hybridization with biochar/polymeric ionic liquids) along with catalyst characterization/performance/reusability and reaction optimizations for such transformations are elaborated. Last but not least, perspectives and challenges in the application of these promising hybrid nanomaterials are presented.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Acidic functionalized g-C3N4 materials for catalysis: the gateway to the eco-sustainable synthesis of bioactive heterocycles and furanic derivatives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Phuong Anh Lam,
  • Khoi Thanh Tu,
  • Thai Van Anh,
  • Dinesh Kumar Mishra,
  • Cong Chien Truong

摘要

Heterocycles are an important class of compounds that are extensively used in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. The quest for efficient and sustainable approaches for such valuable molecules under green conditions has led to the exploration of various heterogeneous catalysts. Among these, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) functionalized with active Lewis-Brønsted acid sites stands out as an attractive candidate owing to its tailor-made characteristics. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the design and utility of acidic functionalized g-C3N4 materials as novel carbonaceous catalysts for the chemical/photochemical establishment of numerous bioactive heterocyclic scaffolds and furanic derivatives. Several key synthetic strategies (protonation, immobilization of heteropolyacids/organic acids, sulfonation, sulfonation-metal doping, acid group/ionic liquid grafting, or hybridization with biochar/polymeric ionic liquids) along with catalyst characterization/performance/reusability and reaction optimizations for such transformations are elaborated. Last but not least, perspectives and challenges in the application of these promising hybrid nanomaterials are presented.

Graphical abstract