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<p>Zr-doped copper ferrite (CFO) nanoparticles were prepared by a sol–gel auto-combustion method with varying Zr concentrations (0–5&#xa0;wt.%). The magnetic, photocatalytic and structural characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated via sophisticated techniques. The single-phase cubic spinel structure of the nanoparticles was verified by XRD analysis, and the crystallite size exhibited a decreasing trend upon Zr incorporation, while FTIR spectra revealed the characteristic metal–oxygen stretching vibrations. FESEM images showed nearly spherical particles with inhibited grain growth due to Zr doping, and EDAX confirmed the elemental composition and verified the successful synthesis of Zr-doped CFO nanoparticles. A magnetic study demonstrated that a decrease in saturation magnetization is observed with increasing Zr concentrations (0–5&#xa0;wt.%), attributed to cation redistribution within the spinel lattice. Photocatalytic experiments using crystal violet (CV) dye under visible radiation revealed that 3&#xa0;wt.% Zr-doped CFO exhibited the highest activity, achieving ~ 92.6% degradation efficiency. The improved performance was ascribed to effective charge separation, reduced recombination of electron–hole pairs, and the active involvement of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in the degradation pathway. These findings highlight Zr-doped CFO nanoparticles as promising, magnetically recoverable photocatalysts for wastewater treatment for environmental applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Zr-doped CuFe2O4 spinal nanoparticles: correlating structural modifications and magnetic insights with enhanced photocatalytic performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • Zahrah Alhalili

摘要

Zr-doped copper ferrite (CFO) nanoparticles were prepared by a sol–gel auto-combustion method with varying Zr concentrations (0–5 wt.%). The magnetic, photocatalytic and structural characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated via sophisticated techniques. The single-phase cubic spinel structure of the nanoparticles was verified by XRD analysis, and the crystallite size exhibited a decreasing trend upon Zr incorporation, while FTIR spectra revealed the characteristic metal–oxygen stretching vibrations. FESEM images showed nearly spherical particles with inhibited grain growth due to Zr doping, and EDAX confirmed the elemental composition and verified the successful synthesis of Zr-doped CFO nanoparticles. A magnetic study demonstrated that a decrease in saturation magnetization is observed with increasing Zr concentrations (0–5 wt.%), attributed to cation redistribution within the spinel lattice. Photocatalytic experiments using crystal violet (CV) dye under visible radiation revealed that 3 wt.% Zr-doped CFO exhibited the highest activity, achieving ~ 92.6% degradation efficiency. The improved performance was ascribed to effective charge separation, reduced recombination of electron–hole pairs, and the active involvement of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in the degradation pathway. These findings highlight Zr-doped CFO nanoparticles as promising, magnetically recoverable photocatalysts for wastewater treatment for environmental applications.

Graphical abstract