Recyclable modified ceramic catalysts for the green one-pot synthesis of biscoumarin derivatives
摘要
A novel ceramic-based material (CW) and its modified form (CW1) were prepared and investigated as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the green synthesis of biscoumarin derivatives. The structural, morphological, and elemental properties of the catalysts were comprehensively characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The catalytic performance of CW and CW1 was evaluated in the condensation reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin with various aromatic aldehydes under mild and environmentally benign conditions. The modified catalyst CW1 exhibited superior catalytic activity compared to the parent material, affording biscoumarin derivatives (3a–3k) in excellent yields ranging from 85 to 94% within remarkably short reaction times under ethanol reflux. Moreover, CW1 demonstrated excellent stability and recyclability, maintaining high catalytic efficiency over five consecutive reaction cycles without significant loss of activity. The target products were isolated by simple recrystallization from hot ethanol, eliminating the need for column chromatography. Overall, this eco-catalytic protocol provides a straightforward, efficient, and sustainable route for the synthesis of biscoumarin derivatives.
Graphical abstract