Highly efficient transfer hydrogenation of methyl levulinate over pH-tuned Zr(OH)4 catalysts
摘要
γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a key biomass-derived platform molecule with versatile applications in sustainable fuels and green solvents. In this study, a series of Zr(OH)4 catalysts were prepared via pH-controlled precipitation and tested in the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of methyl levulinate (ML) using isopropanol (IPA) as a hydrogen donor. The catalyst prepared at pH = 4 exhibited the highest GVL yield (99.3%) and selectivity (97.6%) under relatively mild reaction conditions (180 °C, 4 h). Spectroscopic and structural analyses revealed that the superior catalytic performance can be attributed to the presence of a partially crystallized tetragonal phase and a high density of Lewis acid sites (~ 248 μmol·g−1). Furthermore, it could also be recovered easily and used repeatedly at least 8 times without an obvious decrease in activity. Mechanistic studies support that the reaction proceeds via a Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) pathway involving a six-membered ring transition state. This work highlights the potential of non-noble metal Zr-based hydroxides as efficient and scalable catalysts for biomass valorization.