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<p>The global energy system is rapidly evolving as countries seek effective ways to cut carbon emissions and strengthen climate resilience. Solar photovoltaics (PV) are expanding quickly, yet their intermittent output still challenges stable power supply and highlights the need for reliable long-duration storage. Converting excess solar electricity into green hydrogen through PV-driven electrolysis has therefore become an attractive option. With its high energy density and suitability for large-scale storage, hydrogen can complement batteries and support future clean-energy infrastructure. Nevertheless, directly powering electrolyzers with fluctuating PV output introduces issues such as efficiency loss, accelerated degradation, and difficulties in system coordination. This review summarizes how PV operating characteristics influence electrolyzer performance and compares commonly used coupling strategies. It further outlines a system-level energy management framework that integrates power electronics, control methods, and component sizing. By bringing together recent advances, this review identifies key research opportunities—including materials tolerant to dynamic operation, hybrid storage configurations, and predictive control based on data-driven models. These insights clarify current technical challenges and suggest pathways to improve efficiency, stability, and economic viability, providing guidance for the next generation of PV–electrolyzer systems and the wider deployment of green hydrogen.</p>

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Systematic design of photovoltaic–electrolyzer coupled systems for energy storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Zhenlan Dou,
  • Ying Zhang,
  • Chunyan Zhang,
  • Jieshi Shen,
  • Qianqing Guo,
  • Lei Guo

摘要

The global energy system is rapidly evolving as countries seek effective ways to cut carbon emissions and strengthen climate resilience. Solar photovoltaics (PV) are expanding quickly, yet their intermittent output still challenges stable power supply and highlights the need for reliable long-duration storage. Converting excess solar electricity into green hydrogen through PV-driven electrolysis has therefore become an attractive option. With its high energy density and suitability for large-scale storage, hydrogen can complement batteries and support future clean-energy infrastructure. Nevertheless, directly powering electrolyzers with fluctuating PV output introduces issues such as efficiency loss, accelerated degradation, and difficulties in system coordination. This review summarizes how PV operating characteristics influence electrolyzer performance and compares commonly used coupling strategies. It further outlines a system-level energy management framework that integrates power electronics, control methods, and component sizing. By bringing together recent advances, this review identifies key research opportunities—including materials tolerant to dynamic operation, hybrid storage configurations, and predictive control based on data-driven models. These insights clarify current technical challenges and suggest pathways to improve efficiency, stability, and economic viability, providing guidance for the next generation of PV–electrolyzer systems and the wider deployment of green hydrogen.