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<p>The activated carbon was synthesized from coriander powder with the activating agent potassium carbonate by a one-step method. The obtained activated carbon was functionalized with ClSO<sub>3</sub>H to form the sulfonic acid functionalized activated carbon. To confirm the sulfonation, the material was studied by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The SEM–EDS results clearly indicate the functionalization of SO<sub>3</sub>H on activated carbon. Furthermore, the shifting of the XRD peak from 2θ = 23.44° and 43.11° to 25.30° indicates that SO<sub>3</sub>H functionalization. The catalyst showed good catalytic movement for the esterification of free fatty acids at 60&#xa0;°C and transesterification of various oils such as olive, sesame, canola, soybean, coconut, and corn oils at 70&#xa0;°C. In addition, the catalyst is recyclable up to 4 cycles with 80% of yield, the decrease of yield is due to minimal loss of catalyst during separation, and it is easy to synthesize; the –SO<sub>3</sub>H on porous structures on activated carbon is a wide array of environmentally friendly methods.</p>

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Sulfonic-acid-functionalized activated carbon from coriander powder as green catalyst for the esterification and transesterification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月24日

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  • G. Manjula,
  • Reddi Mohan Naidu Kalla,
  • Kyoung Hou Kim,
  • Sarah A. Alshehri,
  • Jaewoong Lee

摘要

The activated carbon was synthesized from coriander powder with the activating agent potassium carbonate by a one-step method. The obtained activated carbon was functionalized with ClSO3H to form the sulfonic acid functionalized activated carbon. To confirm the sulfonation, the material was studied by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The SEM–EDS results clearly indicate the functionalization of SO3H on activated carbon. Furthermore, the shifting of the XRD peak from 2θ = 23.44° and 43.11° to 25.30° indicates that SO3H functionalization. The catalyst showed good catalytic movement for the esterification of free fatty acids at 60 °C and transesterification of various oils such as olive, sesame, canola, soybean, coconut, and corn oils at 70 °C. In addition, the catalyst is recyclable up to 4 cycles with 80% of yield, the decrease of yield is due to minimal loss of catalyst during separation, and it is easy to synthesize; the –SO3H on porous structures on activated carbon is a wide array of environmentally friendly methods.