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<p>The aquarium trade is a major pathway for the introduction of non-native aquatic species, posing significant threats to biodiversity and causing massive economic impacts. In this study, we conducted the first global evaluation of the economic losses of non-native species associated with the aquarium trade based on the <i>InvaCost</i> database (version 4.1). Our analysis spans economic costs of 31 non-native species introduced through this pathway from 1971 to 2021, amounting at least US$ 9.24&#xa0;billion globally, with a robust (i.e., highly reliable and observed costs) cost of US$ 5.68&#xa0;billion. Ornamental aquatic plants represented the vast majority (99.3% of the total costs) of economic loss, whereas other groups (e.g., fishes, amphibians, and reptiles) contributed with a negligible fraction. The overall economic costs exhibit regional variation, with Asia reporting the highest costs (total: US$ 5.39&#xa0;billion; robust: US$ 3.52&#xa0;billion), followed by North America (2.46&#xa0;billion, 1.09&#xa0;billion) and Africa (0.63&#xa0;billion, 0.60&#xa0;billion), and Europe (0.45&#xa0;billion, 0.26&#xa0;billion), while South America and Oceania reported total costs below US$0.20&#xa0;billion. The results highlight significant knowledge gaps in the economic assessment of aquarium trade-related invasions, particularly in developing countries (e.g., China, India, Mexico and Benin) with active aquarium industries, potentially leading to underestimating of actual costs. In terms of cost types, management costs were significantly higher in developed regions compared to developing ones, reflecting disparities in economic capacity and prioritization. Costs increased rapidly over time, especially in developing regions. However, the pace of data collection remains slow, which limits our understanding of these trends. Given the continued global expansion of the aquarium trade, costs are expected to increase substantially in the near future. Addressing these knowledge gaps will require more comprehensive studies to explore the underlying drivers of these costs and inform the development of effective management strategies for this primary introduction pathway.</p>

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Economic costs of aquarium trade invaders: a global perspective on ecological and management gaps

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月5日

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  • Peng Zheng,
  • Lei Ren,
  • Ismael Soto,
  • Francisco J. Oficialdegui,
  • Wen Cheng,
  • Fei Zhang,
  • Zhiwei Sun,
  • Xiaoming Jiang

摘要

The aquarium trade is a major pathway for the introduction of non-native aquatic species, posing significant threats to biodiversity and causing massive economic impacts. In this study, we conducted the first global evaluation of the economic losses of non-native species associated with the aquarium trade based on the InvaCost database (version 4.1). Our analysis spans economic costs of 31 non-native species introduced through this pathway from 1971 to 2021, amounting at least US$ 9.24 billion globally, with a robust (i.e., highly reliable and observed costs) cost of US$ 5.68 billion. Ornamental aquatic plants represented the vast majority (99.3% of the total costs) of economic loss, whereas other groups (e.g., fishes, amphibians, and reptiles) contributed with a negligible fraction. The overall economic costs exhibit regional variation, with Asia reporting the highest costs (total: US$ 5.39 billion; robust: US$ 3.52 billion), followed by North America (2.46 billion, 1.09 billion) and Africa (0.63 billion, 0.60 billion), and Europe (0.45 billion, 0.26 billion), while South America and Oceania reported total costs below US$0.20 billion. The results highlight significant knowledge gaps in the economic assessment of aquarium trade-related invasions, particularly in developing countries (e.g., China, India, Mexico and Benin) with active aquarium industries, potentially leading to underestimating of actual costs. In terms of cost types, management costs were significantly higher in developed regions compared to developing ones, reflecting disparities in economic capacity and prioritization. Costs increased rapidly over time, especially in developing regions. However, the pace of data collection remains slow, which limits our understanding of these trends. Given the continued global expansion of the aquarium trade, costs are expected to increase substantially in the near future. Addressing these knowledge gaps will require more comprehensive studies to explore the underlying drivers of these costs and inform the development of effective management strategies for this primary introduction pathway.