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<p>The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state represents a unique survival strategy adopted by many aquatic bacterial pathogens under environmental stress. In aquaculture environments, factors such as low temperatures, nutrient imbalances, oxidative stress, and disinfection treatments (e.g., UV or chlorine) can induce bacteria to enter the VBNC state, wherein they remain metabolically active yet undetectable using traditional culturing methods. This dormant state allows pathogens such as <i>Vibrio</i> spp., <i>Edwardsiella</i> spp., and <i>Aeromonas</i> spp. to evade standard monitoring systems, persist in aquaculture systems, and later resuscitate under favorable conditions, regaining pathogenicity and contributing to disease outbreaks. VBNC cells also exhibit increased antibiotic resistance and may serve as reservoirs for resistance genes, amplifying concerns about treatment failure and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Recent advancements in molecular diagnostics, including PMA-qPCR, FISH, and omics-integrated AI detection, have improved the identification of VBNC populations. Furthermore, resuscitation mechanisms involving quorum sensing, oxidative stress regulators (e.g., RpoS, OxyR), and resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs) are being actively investigated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the VBNC state in aquatic pathogens, with a focus on its environmental triggers, physiological and molecular characteristics, implications for disease transmission, and recent advances in detection and control strategies. A deeper understanding of VBNC dynamics is essential for improving aquatic animal health, enhancing biosecurity, and establishing sustainable aquaculture practices.</p>

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How viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria persist in aquaculture and endanger fish health and water safety

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月6日

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  • Hyeon-Ju Lee,
  • Si-Heon Song,
  • Eun-Seop Lee,
  • Eon-Bee Lee

摘要

The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state represents a unique survival strategy adopted by many aquatic bacterial pathogens under environmental stress. In aquaculture environments, factors such as low temperatures, nutrient imbalances, oxidative stress, and disinfection treatments (e.g., UV or chlorine) can induce bacteria to enter the VBNC state, wherein they remain metabolically active yet undetectable using traditional culturing methods. This dormant state allows pathogens such as Vibrio spp., Edwardsiella spp., and Aeromonas spp. to evade standard monitoring systems, persist in aquaculture systems, and later resuscitate under favorable conditions, regaining pathogenicity and contributing to disease outbreaks. VBNC cells also exhibit increased antibiotic resistance and may serve as reservoirs for resistance genes, amplifying concerns about treatment failure and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Recent advancements in molecular diagnostics, including PMA-qPCR, FISH, and omics-integrated AI detection, have improved the identification of VBNC populations. Furthermore, resuscitation mechanisms involving quorum sensing, oxidative stress regulators (e.g., RpoS, OxyR), and resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs) are being actively investigated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the VBNC state in aquatic pathogens, with a focus on its environmental triggers, physiological and molecular characteristics, implications for disease transmission, and recent advances in detection and control strategies. A deeper understanding of VBNC dynamics is essential for improving aquatic animal health, enhancing biosecurity, and establishing sustainable aquaculture practices.