<p>Obesity in women before or during conception can exert lasting effects on offspring metabolic and neuroendocrine health. Evidence from human cohorts and preclinical models indicates that an obesogenic maternal environment can disrupt the development of hypothalamic circuits responsible for integrating hormonal and nutritional signals. Rather than acting through a single pathway, maternal obesity affects multiple interconnected processes during hypothalamic neuroendocrine neuron development, including hormonal signalling, inflammatory tone, cellular stress responses, and epigenetic regulation. However, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms through which these neurodevelopmental alterations mediate maternal transmission of metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders remain incompletely defined. In this review, we examine how maternal obesity–induced perturbations in hypothalamic neuroendocrine programming influence long-term regulation of energy balance, stress physiology, and reproductive function in offspring, via sex-dependent mechanisms. We also provide an overview of how maternal metabolic status shapes offspring health across the lifespan, highlighting knowledge gaps and potential interventions to prevent intergenerational transmission of metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders.</p>