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<p>Previous research has explored whether morpheme boundaries influence the transposed-letter/character (TL/TC) effect in polymorphemic words, and this effect has been used as evidence to determine whether such words are processed as holistic units. Yet the findings to date remain inconsistent. This study employed the boundary paradigm in an eye-tracking experiment to examine whether the TC effect differs within and between morphemes during Chinese reading. We selected monomorphemic (e.g., 模特 “<i>model</i>”) and bimorphemic words (e.g., 演员 “<i>actor</i>”) to create both within- and across-morpheme boundary transposition conditions, while controlling for the lexical properties of monomorphemic words and ensuring matched concreteness across the two morphological types. The results showed that first fixation duration, single fixation duration, gaze duration, and total fixation duration were shorter for TC nonword preview than for original words, but longer for substitute-character nonword preview, indicating a reliable TC effect. Furthermore, no differences in TC effects were observed between within- and across-morpheme boundaries across all these eye movement measures. The study provides no evidence for morphemic decomposition in the processing of bimorphemic words; instead, the results suggest that Chinese bimorphemic words may be processed as whole units during reading.</p>

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The effects of character transposition within and between morphemes in chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Wenyi Tao,
  • Jue Wang,
  • Xin Jiang

摘要

Previous research has explored whether morpheme boundaries influence the transposed-letter/character (TL/TC) effect in polymorphemic words, and this effect has been used as evidence to determine whether such words are processed as holistic units. Yet the findings to date remain inconsistent. This study employed the boundary paradigm in an eye-tracking experiment to examine whether the TC effect differs within and between morphemes during Chinese reading. We selected monomorphemic (e.g., 模特 “model”) and bimorphemic words (e.g., 演员 “actor”) to create both within- and across-morpheme boundary transposition conditions, while controlling for the lexical properties of monomorphemic words and ensuring matched concreteness across the two morphological types. The results showed that first fixation duration, single fixation duration, gaze duration, and total fixation duration were shorter for TC nonword preview than for original words, but longer for substitute-character nonword preview, indicating a reliable TC effect. Furthermore, no differences in TC effects were observed between within- and across-morpheme boundaries across all these eye movement measures. The study provides no evidence for morphemic decomposition in the processing of bimorphemic words; instead, the results suggest that Chinese bimorphemic words may be processed as whole units during reading.