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<p>This study investigated the longitudinal associations between Chinese and English spelling skills and two oral language skills: vocabulary knowledge and morphological awareness. A sample of 147 Grade 1–2 students was assessed on these abilities in both languages twice over a one-year period. Results showed vocabulary knowledge predicted morphological awareness in both languages. Time 1 Chinese spelling uniquely explained Time 2 Chinese morphological awareness, vocabulary knowledge, and spelling. However, Time 1 English spelling only predicted later English spelling, but not English vocabulary knowledge and morphological awareness. Time 2 Chinese spelling was predicted only by Time 1 Chinese spelling. In contrast, Time 2 English spelling was predicted by Time 1 English morphological awareness, English vocabulary knowledge, and Chinese spelling. The findings highlight the importance of early spelling for L1 Chinese development, the role of oral language skills in L2 English acquisition, and evidence of cross-linguistic transfer from Chinese to English spelling.</p>

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Reciprocal associations of oral language skills and word spelling within and across L1 Chinese and L2 English

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Dora Jue Pan,
  • Melody Chi Ying Ng,
  • Katrina May Dulay,
  • Catherine McBride,
  • Connie Suk Han Ho

摘要

This study investigated the longitudinal associations between Chinese and English spelling skills and two oral language skills: vocabulary knowledge and morphological awareness. A sample of 147 Grade 1–2 students was assessed on these abilities in both languages twice over a one-year period. Results showed vocabulary knowledge predicted morphological awareness in both languages. Time 1 Chinese spelling uniquely explained Time 2 Chinese morphological awareness, vocabulary knowledge, and spelling. However, Time 1 English spelling only predicted later English spelling, but not English vocabulary knowledge and morphological awareness. Time 2 Chinese spelling was predicted only by Time 1 Chinese spelling. In contrast, Time 2 English spelling was predicted by Time 1 English morphological awareness, English vocabulary knowledge, and Chinese spelling. The findings highlight the importance of early spelling for L1 Chinese development, the role of oral language skills in L2 English acquisition, and evidence of cross-linguistic transfer from Chinese to English spelling.