A daily perspective on writing instruction: A survey of middle and high school teachers’ practices
摘要
This study examined how middle and high school teachers taught writing in the United States. Using an online digital survey, 105 teachers (88 females; 55 middle school teachers) from 14 States and the District of Columbia were asked to complete daily a survey over much of the school year about the writing practices they applied in a lesson that day with a single class. The class was selected so that it represented their typical writing practices. Teachers indicated if they taught writing each time they completed a daily survey and if they did, how often they applied specific writing practices and for how long. Most of the teachers were language arts/English teachers (81.7%), and the remaining teachers taught social studies (13.8%), science (1.8%), and mathematics (1.8%). The teachers completed 8,557 surveys, indicating they enacted at least one writing practice in 5,663 lessons (66.3% of all lessons). The primary findings obtained through analyses of the surveys were there was considerable variability in how the participating teachers taught writing; students spent little time writing each day (15.96 min daily planning, writing, and revising text); students infrequently created text using digital tools (less than a minute daily); shorter writing assignments were privileged over longer ones (63% of all writing involved text of 2 paragraphs or shorter); teachers spent little time teaching writing each day (3.48 min daily); and teachers’ writing practices were dominated by the creation of text (82% of time devote to teaching writing involved planning, writing, and revising text). Recommendations for future research are offered and implications for practice are discussed.