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<p>In this study, a sustainable approach was employed to synthesize eco-friendly silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO), iron (Fe) and bimetallic (Ag/Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) using Helichrysum arenarium (HA) extract for the adsorption-based removal of naproxen (NPX) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption processes were optimized in terms of pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact time. Among the synthesized nano adsorbents, Fe NPs demonstrated the highest NPX removal efficiency and maximum adsorption capacity (<i>q</i><sub>max</sub>) (78.4%, <i>q</i><sub>max</sub> = 73.61&#xa0;mg/g) under optimum conditions, whereas CuO NPs exhibited the lowest removal performance and maximum adsorption capacity (61.2%, <i>q</i><sub>max</sub> = 30.76&#xa0;mg/g). Kinetic modeling revealed that adsorption pathways strongly depend on nanoparticle composition; Ag/Cu NPs showed better agreement with the intraparticle diffusion (IPD) model, whereas Ag, Fe, and CuO NPs followed pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetics, indicating surface-interaction-driven adsorption mechanisms. Furthermore, isotherm analyses showed that all nanoparticle systems exhibited the best fit with the Freundlich model, confirming heterogeneous multilayer adsorption behavior with partial monolayer adsorption characteristics and intermolecular interaction effects. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Helichrysum arenarium mediated green synthesized NPs, particularly Fe NPs, possess considerable potential as sustainable, environmentally friendly, and efficient nano adsorbents for the remediation of pharmaceutical wastewater pollution. Regeneration (reusability) of all nano adsorbents was conducted in at least three cycles under the same conditions and concentrations, and desorption studies were performed with acid, base, alcohol, and deionized water.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synthesis of metallic, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles for adsorptive removal of naproxen: comparative optimization, isotherm, and kinetic studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Burak Can Güney,
  • Yasin Arslan

摘要

In this study, a sustainable approach was employed to synthesize eco-friendly silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO), iron (Fe) and bimetallic (Ag/Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) using Helichrysum arenarium (HA) extract for the adsorption-based removal of naproxen (NPX) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption processes were optimized in terms of pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact time. Among the synthesized nano adsorbents, Fe NPs demonstrated the highest NPX removal efficiency and maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) (78.4%, qmax = 73.61 mg/g) under optimum conditions, whereas CuO NPs exhibited the lowest removal performance and maximum adsorption capacity (61.2%, qmax = 30.76 mg/g). Kinetic modeling revealed that adsorption pathways strongly depend on nanoparticle composition; Ag/Cu NPs showed better agreement with the intraparticle diffusion (IPD) model, whereas Ag, Fe, and CuO NPs followed pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetics, indicating surface-interaction-driven adsorption mechanisms. Furthermore, isotherm analyses showed that all nanoparticle systems exhibited the best fit with the Freundlich model, confirming heterogeneous multilayer adsorption behavior with partial monolayer adsorption characteristics and intermolecular interaction effects. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Helichrysum arenarium mediated green synthesized NPs, particularly Fe NPs, possess considerable potential as sustainable, environmentally friendly, and efficient nano adsorbents for the remediation of pharmaceutical wastewater pollution. Regeneration (reusability) of all nano adsorbents was conducted in at least three cycles under the same conditions and concentrations, and desorption studies were performed with acid, base, alcohol, and deionized water.

Graphical abstract