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<p>The photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants such as diclofenac sodium, paracetamol, and tetracycline was studied by integrating TiO<sub>2</sub>/ZnO nanoparticles into a biodegradable starch copper complex. Structural, optical and surface investigations were conducted using XRD, XPS, FT-IR, FE-SEM, UV–visible spectroscopy and BET analysis. X-ray diffraction confirms the tetragonal anatase structure of TiO<sub>2</sub> and hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO. The synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles exhibited a band gap of 2.36&#xa0;eV, which is lower than that of ZnO nanoparticles (3.63&#xa0;eV). Upon complexation with starch, a notable reduction in the band gap was observed, with the starch–metal complex showing a value of 3.17&#xa0;eV. The photocatalytic degradation using a TiO₂/ZnO/starch copper complex with Fenton’s reagent was studied under UV light (Wavelengths of 254 and 365&#xa0;nm), visible light, and sunlight at different pH levels (3, 7, and 10). The material displayed complete degradation of all three pollutants within 30&#xa0;min under acidic conditions. The catalyst–Fenton system functions effectively without a dedicated reactor and can be activated solely by sunlight, suggesting a promising strategy for designing advanced photocatalysts with broad environmental remediation applications.</p>

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Photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac sodium, paracetamol and tetracycline using nano TiO2/ZnO loaded on starch copper complex

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Sasireka Ramanathan,
  • Anbuchezhiyan Maruthamuthu,
  • Rajendran Sribalan

摘要

The photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants such as diclofenac sodium, paracetamol, and tetracycline was studied by integrating TiO2/ZnO nanoparticles into a biodegradable starch copper complex. Structural, optical and surface investigations were conducted using XRD, XPS, FT-IR, FE-SEM, UV–visible spectroscopy and BET analysis. X-ray diffraction confirms the tetragonal anatase structure of TiO2 and hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO. The synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles exhibited a band gap of 2.36 eV, which is lower than that of ZnO nanoparticles (3.63 eV). Upon complexation with starch, a notable reduction in the band gap was observed, with the starch–metal complex showing a value of 3.17 eV. The photocatalytic degradation using a TiO₂/ZnO/starch copper complex with Fenton’s reagent was studied under UV light (Wavelengths of 254 and 365 nm), visible light, and sunlight at different pH levels (3, 7, and 10). The material displayed complete degradation of all three pollutants within 30 min under acidic conditions. The catalyst–Fenton system functions effectively without a dedicated reactor and can be activated solely by sunlight, suggesting a promising strategy for designing advanced photocatalysts with broad environmental remediation applications.