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<p>In this work, we report the synthesis, characterization and transesterification application of free base 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) catalysts. Starting from benzaldehydes and pyrrole in equimolar amounts as precursors, synthesis was performed under various reaction environment, namely, microwave synthesis in high-pressure microwave assisted processes identified to be yielding significantly higher product. It was further adapted to carry out the transesterification of groundnut oil triglycerides into biodiesel. In order to ascertain the material properties, extensive morphological and structural investigations on the TPP catalyst were conducted utilizing Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and spectroscopic tools, namely, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Temperature Programmed Desorption of CO<sub>2</sub> (TPD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were carried out on the catalysts to assess the basicity and thermal stability. Following Response Surface Methodology (RSM), biodiesel conversion efficiency was further optimized to 61% using the TPP base catalyst for a catalyst loading of 1.42 wt% at the reaction temperature of 41.8&#xa0;°C. The salient feature of this work constitute the need for significantly lower catalysts loading and lower operating temperature resulting in potentially lower cost of scale-up biodiesel production. TPP exhibited heterogeneous catalytic behaviour owing to its limited solubility in ethanol providing the&#xa0;green chemistry concepts by facilitating efficient catalyst recovery and reuse. Following GC–MS analysis, the produced biodiesel proved to meet ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards and to exhibit a broad range of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE).</p>

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High-yield synthesis of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin as an effective catalyst for groundnut oil transesterification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月21日

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  • Ashitha Kishore,
  • K. Vignesh,
  • Donato A. G. Aranda,
  • R. Arun Prasath,
  • Emerson Andrade Sales,
  • B. M. Jaffar Ali

摘要

In this work, we report the synthesis, characterization and transesterification application of free base 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) catalysts. Starting from benzaldehydes and pyrrole in equimolar amounts as precursors, synthesis was performed under various reaction environment, namely, microwave synthesis in high-pressure microwave assisted processes identified to be yielding significantly higher product. It was further adapted to carry out the transesterification of groundnut oil triglycerides into biodiesel. In order to ascertain the material properties, extensive morphological and structural investigations on the TPP catalyst were conducted utilizing Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and spectroscopic tools, namely, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Temperature Programmed Desorption of CO2 (TPD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were carried out on the catalysts to assess the basicity and thermal stability. Following Response Surface Methodology (RSM), biodiesel conversion efficiency was further optimized to 61% using the TPP base catalyst for a catalyst loading of 1.42 wt% at the reaction temperature of 41.8 °C. The salient feature of this work constitute the need for significantly lower catalysts loading and lower operating temperature resulting in potentially lower cost of scale-up biodiesel production. TPP exhibited heterogeneous catalytic behaviour owing to its limited solubility in ethanol providing the green chemistry concepts by facilitating efficient catalyst recovery and reuse. Following GC–MS analysis, the produced biodiesel proved to meet ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards and to exhibit a broad range of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE).