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<p>Surface-modified biochar was synthesized from eucalyptus hardwood waste via salt-assisted pyrolysis followed by amino-silane grafting to enhance surface functionality. Structural characterization confirmed predominantly amorphous carbon with mesoporous structure and heterogeneous surface chemistry. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption was evaluated under batch conditions at natural pH. Equilibrium data were best described by the Sips isotherm, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.525&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>, while kinetic behavior followed the Elovich model, indicating heterogeneous surface-controlled adsorption. Fitted Sips parameters were subsequently applied to single- and two-stage batch adsorber design. For a 50 L treatment volume, the optimized two-stage configuration reduced total adsorbent demand by approximately 50% compared with single-stage operation, demonstrating that process-level optimization can partially offset moderate adsorption capacity. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) combined with model-free iso-conversional methods revealed conversion-dependent activation energies with a mean value of approximately 171&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol⁻<sup>1</sup> over <i>α</i> = 0.20–0.60, confirming multi-step degradation behavior and structural stability. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating surface modification, adsorption modeling, and adsorber design to evaluate forestry-derived biochars beyond conventional capacity reporting.</p>

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Adsorption performance, adsorber design, and pyrolysis kinetics for methylene blue removal using surface-modified biochar

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Pamela Nxala,
  • Pareshkumar G. Moradeeya,
  • Geoffrey S. Simate

摘要

Surface-modified biochar was synthesized from eucalyptus hardwood waste via salt-assisted pyrolysis followed by amino-silane grafting to enhance surface functionality. Structural characterization confirmed predominantly amorphous carbon with mesoporous structure and heterogeneous surface chemistry. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption was evaluated under batch conditions at natural pH. Equilibrium data were best described by the Sips isotherm, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.525 mg g⁻1, while kinetic behavior followed the Elovich model, indicating heterogeneous surface-controlled adsorption. Fitted Sips parameters were subsequently applied to single- and two-stage batch adsorber design. For a 50 L treatment volume, the optimized two-stage configuration reduced total adsorbent demand by approximately 50% compared with single-stage operation, demonstrating that process-level optimization can partially offset moderate adsorption capacity. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) combined with model-free iso-conversional methods revealed conversion-dependent activation energies with a mean value of approximately 171 kJ mol⁻1 over α = 0.20–0.60, confirming multi-step degradation behavior and structural stability. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating surface modification, adsorption modeling, and adsorber design to evaluate forestry-derived biochars beyond conventional capacity reporting.