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<p>In this study, oxidative desulfurization of a high-sulfur fuel was achieved using a photocatalytic method. Nanostructured copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method using copper nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and employed as the catalyst. The as-prepared CuO nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) were also investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out using the SIESTA package, revealing a band gap of 1.568&#xa0;eV. The results indicated that the xenon lamp, which has a higher intensity than the other lamps, obviously affected the photocatalytic results. Photocatalytic tests were conducted under three different light sources: natural sunlight, an LED lamp, and a 150 W xenon lamp. A model fuel solution containing 500&#xa0;mg/L dibenzothiophene (DBT) in n-heptane was prepared for the photodesulfurization experiments. The photocatalytic oxidation nearly fully converted DBT to its oxidized forms, first to sulfoxide (DBT–O) and subsequently to sulfone (DBT–O<sub>2</sub>). Notably, the combination of the xenon lamp and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) as oxidant achieved almost complete conversion to DBT–O<sub>2</sub>, which was more efficient than either sunlight or LED irradiation. Various parameters, including catalyst loading, oxidant amount, and reaction time, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions (0.05&#xa0;g CuO, 1&#xa0;mL H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 40&#xa0;min, 25&#xa0;°C, 150&#xa0;W xenon lamp), complete oxidation of 500&#xa0;mg/L DBT was attained. These optimized conditions were then applied to a real diesel sample (initial sulfur content 10170&#xa0;mg/L), resulting in 64% sulfur removal.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Light-driven oxidative desulfurization of refractory sulfur compounds using CuO nanoparticles as a photocatalyst

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Yahya Hawez,
  • Yousif Mustafa Salih

摘要

In this study, oxidative desulfurization of a high-sulfur fuel was achieved using a photocatalytic method. Nanostructured copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method using copper nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and employed as the catalyst. The as-prepared CuO nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) were also investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out using the SIESTA package, revealing a band gap of 1.568 eV. The results indicated that the xenon lamp, which has a higher intensity than the other lamps, obviously affected the photocatalytic results. Photocatalytic tests were conducted under three different light sources: natural sunlight, an LED lamp, and a 150 W xenon lamp. A model fuel solution containing 500 mg/L dibenzothiophene (DBT) in n-heptane was prepared for the photodesulfurization experiments. The photocatalytic oxidation nearly fully converted DBT to its oxidized forms, first to sulfoxide (DBT–O) and subsequently to sulfone (DBT–O2). Notably, the combination of the xenon lamp and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant achieved almost complete conversion to DBT–O2, which was more efficient than either sunlight or LED irradiation. Various parameters, including catalyst loading, oxidant amount, and reaction time, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions (0.05 g CuO, 1 mL H2O2, 40 min, 25 °C, 150 W xenon lamp), complete oxidation of 500 mg/L DBT was attained. These optimized conditions were then applied to a real diesel sample (initial sulfur content 10170 mg/L), resulting in 64% sulfur removal.

Graphical Abstract