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<p>In this work, hollow ZnO spheres (HS–ZnO) were synthesized via a glucose-templated hydrothermal route, and their structural, textural, and photocatalytic properties were systematically optimized. The HS–ZnO exhibited a large surface area (96.35&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>−1</sup>), uniform hollow morphology, and a narrower band gap (3.12&#xa0;eV) compared with commercial ZnO. These features enhanced light absorption, charge separation, and adsorption capacity. Under optimized conditions (5&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup> catalyst, pH 5,120&#xa0;min UV irradiation, and 5&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup> Ni(II)), HS–ZnO achieved 88.16% Ni(II) removal, more than twice the efficiency of commercial ZnO (41.37%). Kinetic studies confirmed a pseudo-second-order model, while adsorption equilibrium followed the Freundlich isotherm, indicating chemisorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Control experiments revealed that photoreduction was the dominant pathway. HS–ZnO maintained 76.2% efficiency after five cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and reusability. These results establish morphology-controlled HS–ZnO as a cost-effective and robust photocatalyst for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Morphology controlled hollow ZnO spheres for efficient photoreduction of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月21日

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  • Soheila Zandi Lak,
  • Mohammad Reza Rahimpour,
  • Maryam Meshksar

摘要

In this work, hollow ZnO spheres (HS–ZnO) were synthesized via a glucose-templated hydrothermal route, and their structural, textural, and photocatalytic properties were systematically optimized. The HS–ZnO exhibited a large surface area (96.35 m2g−1), uniform hollow morphology, and a narrower band gap (3.12 eV) compared with commercial ZnO. These features enhanced light absorption, charge separation, and adsorption capacity. Under optimized conditions (5 g L−1 catalyst, pH 5,120 min UV irradiation, and 5 mg L−1 Ni(II)), HS–ZnO achieved 88.16% Ni(II) removal, more than twice the efficiency of commercial ZnO (41.37%). Kinetic studies confirmed a pseudo-second-order model, while adsorption equilibrium followed the Freundlich isotherm, indicating chemisorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Control experiments revealed that photoreduction was the dominant pathway. HS–ZnO maintained 76.2% efficiency after five cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and reusability. These results establish morphology-controlled HS–ZnO as a cost-effective and robust photocatalyst for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions.

Graphical Abstract